Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
Front Immunol. 2018 Sep 27;9:2099. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02099. eCollection 2018.
The oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Effective and efficient oral innate and adaptive immune responses are incumbent to maintain healthy mucosa. A higher prevalence of Human Herpesviruses (HHV), a family of large enveloped DNA viruses, has been reported in multiple oral inflammatory diseases suggesting their involvement in disease progression. However, the viral components contributing to oral disease remain obscure. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-protein coding, single stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate diverse messenger RNAs. Thus, miRNAs can control large repertoire of biological processes. Changes in miRNA expression are associated with various oral infections and diseases. Cellular miRNAs can act as pro- or anti-viral factors and dysregulation of host miRNA expression occurs during herpesviruses infection. This strongly suggest a critical role of cellular miRNAs in host-herpesvirus interaction. Interestingly, HHV also encode multiple miRNAs (called viral miRNAs) that may play key role in host-pathogen interaction by modulating both host biological pathways and controlling viral life cycle. Recent studies from our laboratory have identified viral miRNAs (v-miRs) in diseased oral tissue biopsies and demonstrate their immunomodulatory roles. This review discusses the association of miRNAs (both host and viral) and herpesviruses in the pathogenesis of oral inflammatory diseases.
口腔不断接触到大量的微生物。有效的口腔先天和适应性免疫反应对于维持健康的黏膜是必不可少的。大量研究报告表明，在多种口腔炎症性疾病中，人类疱疹病毒（HHV）的患病率更高，HHV 是一种大型包膜 DNA 病毒家族，提示它们参与了疾病的进展。然而，导致口腔疾病的病毒成分仍不清楚。微小 RNA（miRNA）是一类非蛋白编码的单链核糖核酸（RNA）分子，可在后转录水平上调节多种信使 RNA。因此，miRNA 可以控制大量的生物学过程。miRNA 表达的变化与各种口腔感染和疾病有关。细胞 miRNA 可以作为促病毒或抗病毒因子，在疱疹病毒感染过程中宿主 miRNA 的表达失调。这强烈表明细胞 miRNA 在宿主-疱疹病毒相互作用中起着关键作用。有趣的是，HHV 还编码多种 miRNA（称为病毒 miRNA），通过调节宿主生物途径和控制病毒生命周期，可能在宿主-病原体相互作用中发挥关键作用。我们实验室的最新研究在患病的口腔组织活检中鉴定出了病毒 miRNA，并证明了它们的免疫调节作用。本综述讨论了 miRNA（宿主和病毒）与疱疹病毒在口腔炎症性疾病发病机制中的关联。
