Dzyubenko N I
The N.I. Vavilov All Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Federal Research Center , St. Petersburg, Russia .
Biopreserv Biobank. 2018 Oct;16(5):377-383. doi: 10.1089/bio.2018.0045.
N.I. Vavilov was among the first scientists who recognized the high potential value of plant genetic resources (PGR) for humankind. In addition to his fundamental work on the centers of crop origin, he emphasized the importance of collection and ex situ conservation of cultivated plants and their wild relatives, to make them available for breeding programs and for future generations. Vavilov's ideas formed a solid scientific basis for the long-term efforts on securing PGR in ex situ genebanks, both internationally and in Russia. The collection of seeds and living plants at the N.I. Vavilov All Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) is one of the oldest in the world. The size of the collection increased from 301 accessions in 1901 to over 330,000 accessions in 2017, now representing 64 botanical families, 376 genera, and 2169 species. Acquisition was mainly focused on crops that are suitable for cultivation in Russia such as potatoes, barley, wheat, sorghum, beans, vegetables, forage species, and many others. For over a century, VIR has been providing the materials for breeding programs and research, which resulted in developing new cultivars with unique characteristics such as high yield combined with deceased resistance, improved storability, cold and drought tolerance, or ability to grow on deserts and polluted lands. The main field collection near St. Petersburg and 11 main branches across the country covering a wide spectrum of climatic conditions combined with modern seed storage, in vitro and cryobank facilities, and molecular laboratories form a solid platform for breeding, regeneration, and evaluation of accessions in the collection. This article gives a brief overview of VIR as the leading genebank and breeding center in Russia, its main activities in conservation and utilization of PGR for national food security and its role in developing national policies in this area.
尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·瓦维洛夫是最早认识到植物遗传资源（PGR）对人类具有高度潜在价值的科学家之一。除了在作物起源中心方面的基础工作外，他还强调了收集和迁地保护栽培植物及其野生近缘种的重要性，以便将它们用于育种计划并造福子孙后代。瓦维洛夫的思想为国际和俄罗斯在迁地基因库中保障植物遗传资源的长期努力奠定了坚实的科学基础。尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·瓦维洛夫全俄植物遗传资源研究所（VIR）的种子和活体植物收集是世界上最古老的收集之一。收集规模从1901年的301份种质增加到2017年的超过33万份种质，目前涵盖64个植物科、376个属和2169个物种。收集工作主要集中在适合在俄罗斯种植的作物上，如土豆、大麦、小麦、高粱、豆类、蔬菜、饲料作物等。一个多世纪以来，VIR一直在为育种计划和研究提供材料，培育出了具有独特特性的新品种，如高产与抗病性增强、耐储存性提高、耐寒耐旱，或能够在沙漠和污染土地上生长。圣彼得堡附近的主要田间收集点以及遍布全国的11个主要分支机构，覆盖了广泛的气候条件，再加上现代种子储存、离体和低温保存设施以及分子实验室，形成了一个坚实的平台，用于收集种质的育种、再生和评估。本文简要概述了VIR作为俄罗斯领先的基因库和育种中心，其在为国家粮食安全保护和利用植物遗传资源方面的主要活动，以及在制定该领域国家政策中的作用。
