Makris Spyridon, Johnston Sebastian
National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK.
F1000Res. 2018 Sep 24;7. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.15337.1. eCollection 2018.
Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infections. However, they can induce exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, bronchiolitis in infants, and significant lower respiratory tract infections in children, the immunosuppressed, and the elderly. The large number of rhinovirus strains (currently about 160) and their antigenic diversity are significant obstacles in vaccine development. The phenotype of immune responses induced during rhinovirus infection can affect disease severity. Recognition of rhinovirus and a balance of innate responses are important factors in rhinovirus-induced morbidity. Immune responses to rhinovirus infections in healthy individuals are typically of the T helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype. However, rhinovirus-driven asthma exacerbations are additionally characterised by an amplified Th2 immune response and airway neutrophilia. This commentary focuses on recent advances in understanding immunity toward rhinovirus infection and how innate and adaptive immune responses drive rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations.
鼻病毒是上呼吸道感染最常见的病因。然而，它们可诱发慢性阻塞性肺疾病和哮喘急性加重、婴儿细支气管炎，以及儿童、免疫抑制人群和老年人严重的下呼吸道感染。大量的鼻病毒毒株（目前约有160种）及其抗原多样性是疫苗研发的重大障碍。鼻病毒感染期间诱导的免疫反应表型可影响疾病严重程度。识别鼻病毒以及先天免疫反应的平衡是鼻病毒所致发病的重要因素。健康个体对鼻病毒感染的免疫反应通常为1型辅助性T细胞（Th1）表型。然而，鼻病毒引发的哮喘急性加重还具有Th2免疫反应增强和气道嗜中性粒细胞增多的特征。本述评重点关注在理解针对鼻病毒感染的免疫方面的最新进展，以及先天免疫和适应性免疫反应如何驱动鼻病毒诱发的哮喘急性加重。
