Sousa Mónica, Fernandes Maria J, Carvalho Pedro, Soares José, Moreira Pedro, Teixeira Vitor Hugo
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal.
Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
J Sport Health Sci. 2016 Sep;5(3):368-374. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.01.006. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
The use of nutritional supplements (NS) among athletes is widespread. However, little is known about the relationship between nutritional adequacy and NS usage. The aims of this study were to evaluate the NS usage and to compare the nutritional intake from food and prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy (PMI) between NS users and non-users.
Portuguese athletes from 13 sports completed an NS usage questionnaire and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire assessing information over the previous 12 months. The estimated average requirement cut-point method was used to calculate PMI. General linear models were used to compare nutritional intake and NS usage. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were performed to study, respectively, relationships and associations between PMI and NS usage.
From the 244 athletes (66% males, 13-37 years), 64% reported NS usage. After adjustment, NS users showed a higher intake from food ( < 0.05), for at least 1 gender, for energy, and for 7 of the 17 studied nutrients. The highest PMI were seen for vitamins D and E, calcium, folate, and magnesium. After adjustment, NS users, irrespective of gender, reported lower PMI for calcium (OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.12-0.65), and female users for magnesium (OR = 0.06, 95%CI: 0.00-0.98).
Athletes using NS reported a higher nutritional intake from food, and a lower PMI for several nutrients. Perhaps, those who were taking NS were probably the ones who would least benefit from it.
营养补充剂（NS）在运动员中的使用很普遍。然而，关于营养充足与NS使用之间的关系却知之甚少。本研究的目的是评估NS的使用情况，并比较NS使用者和非使用者从食物中摄入的营养以及微量营养素不足（PMI）的发生率。
来自13个运动项目的葡萄牙运动员完成了一份NS使用情况问卷和一份半定量食物频率问卷，评估过去12个月的信息。采用估计平均需求量切点法计算PMI。使用一般线性模型比较营养摄入量和NS使用情况。进行卡方检验和逻辑回归分别研究PMI与NS使用之间的关系和关联。
在244名运动员（66%为男性，年龄13 - 37岁）中，64%报告使用NS。调整后，NS使用者在至少一种性别、能量以及所研究的17种营养素中的7种方面，从食物中的摄入量更高（<0.05）。维生素D和E、钙、叶酸和镁的PMI最高。调整后无论性别，NS使用者钙的PMI较低（OR = 0.28，95%CI：0.12 - 0.65），女性使用者镁的PMI较低（OR = 0.06，95%CI：0.00 - 0.98）。
使用NS的运动员报告从食物中摄入的营养更高，几种营养素的PMI更低。也许，那些服用NS的人可能是从其中受益最少的人。
