Molecular Endocrinology Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Nutrients. 2018 Oct 30;10(11):1590. doi: 10.3390/nu10111590.
This review provides evidence that not only the content of nutrients but indeed the structural organization of nutrients is a major determinant of human health. The gut microbiota provides nutrients for the host by digesting food structures otherwise indigestible by human enzymes, thereby simultaneously harvesting energy and delivering nutrients and metabolites for the nutritional and biological benefit of the host. Microbiota-derived nutrients, metabolites, and antigens promote the development and function of the host immune system both directly by activating cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and indirectly by sustaining release of monosaccharides, stimulating intestinal receptors and secreting gut hormones. Multiple indirect microbiota-dependent biological responses contribute to glucose homeostasis, which prevents hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory conditions. The composition and function of the gut microbiota vary between individuals and whereas dietary habits influence the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota influences both the nutritional and biological homeostasis of the host. A healthy gut microbiota requires the presence of beneficial microbiotic species as well as vital food structures to ensure appropriate feeding of the microbiota. This review focuses on the impact of plant-based food structures, the "fiber-encapsulated nutrient formulation", and on the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participate in host immune function.
这篇综述提供了证据表明，不仅营养物质的含量，实际上营养物质的结构组织也是人类健康的主要决定因素。肠道微生物群通过消化原本无法被人类酶消化的食物结构，为宿主提供营养物质，从而同时收获能量，并为宿主的营养和生物利益输送营养物质和代谢物。微生物衍生的营养物质、代谢物和抗原通过直接激活适应性和先天免疫系统的细胞，以及通过维持单糖的释放、刺激肠道受体和分泌肠道激素，从而促进宿主免疫系统的发育和功能。多种间接的依赖于微生物的生物学反应有助于葡萄糖的体内平衡，从而防止高血糖引起的炎症状态。肠道微生物群的组成和功能在个体之间存在差异，而饮食习惯影响肠道微生物群，肠道微生物群则影响宿主的营养和生物体内平衡。健康的肠道微生物群需要有益的微生物物种以及重要的食物结构的存在，以确保对微生物群的适当喂养。本综述重点介绍了植物性食物结构、“纤维包裹的营养配方”，以及肠道微生物群参与宿主免疫功能的直接和间接机制的影响。
