Knechtle Beat, Nikolaidis Pantelis T, Di Gangi Stefania
Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Front Psychol. 2018 Oct 23;9:2013. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02013. eCollection 2018.
This study investigated the relationship between race times and age, in 1-year intervals, by using the world single age records, from 5 km to marathon running (i. e., 5 km, 4 miles, 8, 10, 12, 15 km, 10 miles, 20 km, half-marathon, 25 km, 30 km, and marathon). For each race, a regression model was fitted. Effects of sex, alone and in interaction with age, and the effect of country of origin on performance were examined in a multi-variable model. The relationship between age and race time was modeled through a 4th order-polynomial function. Women achieved their best half-marathon and marathon race time, respectively, 1 year and 3 years earlier in life than men. On the contrary, in the other races, the best women performances were achieved later in life than men (i.e., 4 miles and 30 km: 2 years later, 8 km: 3 years later, 15-20-25 km: 1 year later, 10 miles: 4 years) or at the same age (i.e., 5, 10, 12 km). Moreover, age of peak performance did not change monotonically with the distance of race. For all races, except 12 km, sex differences had an absolute maximum at old ages and a relative maximum near the age of peak performance. From 8 km onward, estimated sex differences were increasing with increasing race distance. Regarding country, runners from Canada were slower than runners from the United States of America in 5 km by 00:10:05 h:min:s ( < 0.001) and in half-marathon by 00:18:43 h:min:s ( < 0.01). On the contrary, in marathon, they were 00:18:43 h:min faster ( < 0.05). Moreover, in 10 miles, runners from Great Britain were 00:02:53 h:min:s faster ( < 0.05) than runners from the United States of America. In summary, differences seem to exist in the age of peak performance between women and men and for nearly all distances sex differences showed an absolute maximum at old ages and relative maximum near the age of peak performance. Thus, these findings highlight the need for sex-specific training programs, especially near the age of peak performance and for elder runners.
本研究利用5公里到马拉松跑（即5公里、4英里、8公里、10公里、12公里、15公里、10英里、20公里、半程马拉松、25公里、30公里和马拉松）的世界单一年龄记录，以1年为间隔调查了比赛时间与年龄之间的关系。对每场比赛拟合了回归模型。在多变量模型中研究了性别单独以及与年龄交互的影响，以及原籍国对成绩的影响。年龄与比赛时间之间的关系通过四阶多项式函数建模。女性在半程马拉松和马拉松比赛中达到最佳成绩的年龄分别比男性早1年和3年。相反，在其他比赛中，女性的最佳成绩在年龄上比男性晚（即4英里和30公里：晚2年，8公里：晚3年，15 - 20 - 25公里：晚1年，10英里：晚4年）或与男性同年龄（即5公里、10公里、12公里）。此外，最佳成绩年龄并非随比赛距离单调变化。对于所有比赛，除了12公里，性别差异在老年时达到绝对最大值，在最佳成绩年龄附近达到相对最大值。从8公里起，估计的性别差异随比赛距离增加而增大。关于国家，加拿大的跑步者在5公里比赛中比美国的跑步者慢00:10:05小时:分钟:秒（<0.001），在半程马拉松中慢00:18:43小时:分钟:秒（<0.01）。相反，在马拉松比赛中，他们快00:18:43小时:分钟（<0.05）。此外，在10英里比赛中，英国的跑步者比美国的跑步者快00:02:53小时:分钟:秒（<0.05）。总之，男性和女性在最佳成绩年龄方面似乎存在差异，并且几乎在所有距离上，性别差异在老年时达到绝对最大值，在最佳成绩年龄附近达到相对最大值。因此，这些发现凸显了针对特定性别的训练计划的必要性，特别是在最佳成绩年龄附近以及针对老年跑步者。
