Ehrhart Stefan, Schraml Ulrich
Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Department of Forest and Society, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Chair of Forest and Environmental Policy, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
Heliyon. 2018 Nov 2;4(10):e00890. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00890. eCollection 2018 Oct.
Social-ecological systems are characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and change. Adaptive co-management may help to improve adaptability and resilience and to develop 'no-regret strategies' for a sustainable management. It is a dynamic, inductive, and self-organized process based on social learning and collaboration. In this regard, conservation conflicts, conflicts between humans about wildlife, are a contemporary environmental management issue. Their management may be facilitated through adaptive co-management. However, adaptive co-management typically emerges because of a crisis or changing context and is difficult to be applied intentionally. We hypothesize that it may be possible to lay the ground for an adaptive co-management process by activating stakeholders to interact experimentally without a prescriptive application of adaptive co-management criteria. We examined conservation conflicts in the context of three German national parks, where we triggered interaction between 68 stakeholders in nine moderated focus groups. These were recorded and analyzed. Stakeholders discussed similar conflict issues and conflict management suggestions. Subsequently, we conducted a literature synthesis, resulting in 13 adaptive co-management characteristics, and analyzed concurrencies between these and stakeholders' management suggestions. Management suggestions reflected collaborative, interactional, structural, and practice-oriented adaptive co-management characteristics, while political context, rules, adaptability, learning, and monitoring were underrepresented. These underrepresented adaptive co-management characteristics may be harder to be recognized by stakeholders. An implementation of stakeholder-based management suggestions may prepare the systems for change. However, policy windows and resilience have to be observed, underrepresented characteristics have to be examined, and political context, long-term support, monitoring, and facilitation have to be considered. The approach fosters conservation conflict solution. The results could help protected area managers to further develop a local process. The experiment empowered stakeholders and resulted in case-specific suggestions, backed up by adaptive co-management literature. Research should focus on bridging knowledge between case studies as well as between politics, management, stakeholders, and scientists and on further examining stakeholders' capabilities to develop adaptive co-management approaches.
社会生态系统具有复杂性、不确定性和变化性等特征。适应性共同管理有助于提高适应性和恢复力，并制定可持续管理的“无悔策略”。它是一个基于社会学习与合作的动态、归纳且自组织的过程。在这方面，保护冲突，即人类之间关于野生动物的冲突，是当代环境管理问题。通过适应性共同管理可能有助于解决这些冲突。然而，适应性共同管理通常因危机或背景变化而出现，难以有意应用。我们假设，通过促使利益相关者进行实验性互动，而不预先规定适应性共同管理标准的应用，有可能为适应性共同管理过程奠定基础。我们在德国三个国家公园的背景下研究了保护冲突，在九个有主持人的焦点小组中促使68名利益相关者进行互动。这些互动被记录并分析。利益相关者讨论了类似的冲突问题和冲突管理建议。随后，我们进行了文献综述，得出了13个适应性共同管理特征，并分析了这些特征与利益相关者管理建议之间的一致性。管理建议反映了协作性、互动性、结构性和实践导向型的适应性共同管理特征，而政治背景、规则、适应性、学习和监测等方面则未得到充分体现。这些未得到充分体现的适应性共同管理特征可能更难被利益相关者认识到。实施基于利益相关者的管理建议可能会使系统为变革做好准备。然而，必须关注政策窗口和恢复力，审视未得到充分体现的特征，并考虑政治背景、长期支持、监测和促进等因素。该方法有助于解决保护冲突。研究结果可帮助保护区管理者进一步发展当地的管理过程。该实验增强了利益相关者的能力，并得出了基于适应性共同管理文献的具体案例建议。研究应侧重于弥合案例研究之间以及政治、管理、利益相关者和科学家之间的知识差距，并进一步考察利益相关者制定适应性共同管理方法的能力。
