Haijen Eline C H M, Kaelen Mendel, Roseman Leor, Timmermann Christopher, Kettner Hannes, Russ Suzanne, Nutt David, Daws Richard E, Hampshire Adam D G, Lorenz Romy, Carhart-Harris Robin L
Psychedelic Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Front Pharmacol. 2018 Nov 2;9:897. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00897. eCollection 2018.
Responses to psychedelics are notoriously difficult to predict, yet significant work is currently underway to assess their therapeutic potential and the level of interest in psychedelics among the general public appears to be increasing. We aimed to collect prospective data in order to improve our ability to predict acute- and longer-term responses to psychedelics. Individuals who planned to take a psychedelic through their own initiative participated in an online survey (www.psychedelicsurvey.com). Traits and variables relating to set, setting and the acute psychedelic experience were measured at five different time points before and after the experience. Principle component and regression methods were used to analyse the data. Sample sizes for the five time points were = 654, = 535, = 379, = 315, and = 212 respectively. Psychological well-being was increased 2 weeks after a psychedelic experience and remained at this level after 4 weeks. Higher ratings of a "mystical-type experience" had a positive effect on the change in well-being after a psychedelic experience, whereas the other acute psychedelic experience measures, i.e., "challenging experience" and "visual effects", did not influence the change in well-being after the psychedelic experience. Having "clear intentions" for the experience was conducive to mystical-type experiences. Having a positive "set" as well as having the experience with intentions related to "recreation" were both found to decrease the likelihood of having a challenging experience. The baseline trait "absorption" and higher drug doses promoted all aspects of the acute experience, i.e., mystical-type and challenging experiences, as well as visual effects. When comparing the relative contribution of different types of variables in explaining the variance in the change in well-being, it seemed that baseline trait variables had the strongest effect on the change in well-being after a psychedelic experience. These results confirm the importance of extra-pharmacological factors in determining responses to a psychedelic. We view this study as an early step towards the development of empirical guidelines that can evolve and improve iteratively with the ultimate purpose of guiding crucial clinical decisions about whether, when, where and how to dose with a psychedelic, thus helping to mitigate risks while maximizing potential benefits in an evidence-based manner.
迷幻药的反应 notoriously 难以预测，但目前正在进行大量工作来评估其治疗潜力，而且公众对迷幻药的兴趣似乎正在增加。我们旨在收集前瞻性数据，以提高我们预测对迷幻药的急性和长期反应的能力。计划自行服用迷幻药的个体参与了一项在线调查（www.psychedelicsurvey.com）。在体验之前和之后的五个不同时间点测量了与心境、环境和急性迷幻体验相关的特质和变量。使用主成分分析和回归方法分析数据。五个时间点的样本量分别为 = 654、 = 535、 = 379、 = 315 和 = 212。迷幻体验两周后心理健康状况有所改善，并在四周后保持在这一水平。“神秘主义类型体验”的较高评分对迷幻体验后的幸福感变化有积极影响，而其他急性迷幻体验指标，即“挑战性体验”和“视觉效果”，并未影响迷幻体验后的幸福感变化。对体验有“明确意图”有利于产生神秘主义类型的体验。拥有积极的“心境”以及有与“娱乐”相关意图的体验都被发现会降低产生挑战性体验的可能性。基线特质“专注度”和较高的药物剂量促进了急性体验的各个方面，即神秘主义类型和挑战性体验以及视觉效果。在比较不同类型变量在解释幸福感变化方差方面的相对贡献时，似乎基线特质变量对迷幻体验后的幸福感变化影响最强。这些结果证实了非药理学因素在决定对迷幻药反应方面的重要性。我们将这项研究视为朝着制定经验性指南迈出的早期步骤，这些指南可以迭代发展和改进，最终目的是指导关于是否、何时、何地以及如何使用迷幻药给药的关键临床决策，从而以循证方式帮助降低风险，同时最大化潜在益处。
