a Crop and Environment Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , UK.
b Plant Protection Programme , Fera Science Ltd , York , Sand Hutton , UK.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2018 Dec;35(12):2443-2454. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1543954. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
The aim of this study was to model fusarium mycotoxins against agronomic factors in order to identify those that have the greatest impact on mycotoxin levels in harvested wheat. To achieve this, fusarium mycotoxins levels were monitored, and associated agronomic data collected, in approximately 150 English wheat fields/year between 2006 and 2013. Results showed large seasonal variation in fusarium mycotoxin levels, with high levels in 2008 (13% and 29% exceeding legal limit for unprocessed soft wheat intended for human consumption for deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), respectively) and 2012 (10% and 15% exceeding legal limit for unprocessed soft wheat intended for human consumption for DON and ZON, respectively) and low levels in 2006 and 2011 (no samples exceeding legal limits for unprocessed soft wheat intended for human consumption for DON or ZON). Analysis of agronomic factors identified previous crop, cultivation and variety as the greatest risk factors. The greatest risk of mycotoxin development in grain was following maize as a previous crop and minimum tillage. The combined effect of these factors gave respective average DON and ZON levels 20 and 14 times higher than other previous crop and cultivation combinations. A newly quantified risk factor was harvest date. A 1-month delay in harvest resulted in a 10 and 25 times greater mean DON and ZON concentration, respectively, when compared to crops harvested around the long-term regional average harvest date. These results highlight the highly seasonal variation in fusarium mycotoxins in wheat and the agronomic factors that should be avoided to minimise fusarium mycotoxin levels in harvested wheat.
本研究旨在建立镰刀菌真菌毒素与农艺因素的模型，以确定对收获小麦中真菌毒素水平影响最大的因素。为此，我们在 2006 年至 2013 年间，每年监测约 150 个英国麦田的镰刀菌真菌毒素水平，并收集相关农艺数据。结果表明，镰刀菌真菌毒素水平存在很大的季节性变化，2008 年的水平较高（13%和 29%的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）含量分别超过了供人类食用的未经加工软质小麦的法定限量），2012 年的水平也较高（10%和 15%的 DON 和 ZON 含量分别超过了供人类食用的未经加工软质小麦的法定限量），而 2006 年和 2011 年的水平较低（供人类食用的未经加工软质小麦中，没有样本的 DON 或 ZON 含量超过法定限量）。对农艺因素的分析确定了前茬作物、种植和品种是最大的风险因素。在前茬作物为玉米和最小耕作的情况下，谷物中真菌毒素的发展风险最大。这些因素的综合作用使分别对应的平均 DON 和 ZON 水平比其他前茬作物和种植组合高出 20 倍和 14 倍。一个新量化的风险因素是收获日期。与在长期地区平均收获日期左右收获的作物相比，收获时间推迟一个月会导致 DON 和 ZON 浓度分别增加 10 倍和 25 倍。这些结果突出了小麦中镰刀菌真菌毒素的高度季节性变化，以及为了将收获小麦中的镰刀菌真菌毒素水平降到最低而应避免的农艺因素。
