Dańko Maciej J, Burger Oskar, Argasiński Krzysztof, Kozłowski Jan
1Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
2Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
Evol Biol. 2018;45(4):395-404. doi: 10.1007/s11692-018-9458-7. Epub 2018 Jun 13.
The Williams' hypothesis is one of the most widely known ideas in life history evolution. It states that higher adult mortality should lead to faster and/or earlier senescence. Theoretically derived gradients, however, do not support this prediction. Increased awareness of this fact has caused a crisis of misinformation among theorists and empirical ecologists. We resolve this crisis by outlining key issues in the measurement of fitness, assumptions of density dependence, and their effect on extrinsic mortality. The classic gradients apply only to a narrow range of ecological contexts where density-dependence is either absent or present but with unrealistic stipulations. Re-deriving the classic gradients, using a more appropriate measure of fitness and incorporating density, shows that broad ecological contexts exist where Williams' hypothesis is supported.
威廉姆斯假说在生活史进化领域是最为人熟知的观点之一。该假说认为，较高的成年死亡率应导致衰老加速和/或提前。然而，理论推导得出的梯度并不支持这一预测。对这一事实认识的加深在理论家和实证生态学家中引发了一场错误信息危机。我们通过概述适合度测量中的关键问题、密度依赖的假设及其对外在死亡率的影响来解决这一危机。经典梯度仅适用于生态背景狭窄的范围，在这些范围内，要么不存在密度依赖，要么存在但有不切实际的规定。使用更合适的适合度测量方法并纳入密度重新推导经典梯度，结果表明存在广泛的生态背景支持威廉姆斯假说。
