1Department of Psychology,University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
2Department of Kinesiology,University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2019 Feb;25(2):134-145. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000966. Epub 2018 Nov 26.
The high rate of cannabis (CAN) use in emerging adults is concerning given prior research suggesting neurocognitive deficits associated with CAN use in youth. Regular CAN use downregulates endocannabinoid activity, while aerobic exercise upregulates cannabinoid receptor 1 activity and releases endocannabinoids. Here we investigate the influence of regular CAN use on neuropsychological performance, and whether aerobic fitness moderates these effects.
Seventy-nine young adults (37 CAN users) aged 16-26 participated. Groups were balanced for aerobic fitness level. Exclusion criteria included: left-handedness, past-year independent Axis-I disorders, major medical/neurologic disorders, prenatal issues, or prenatal alcohol/illicit drug exposure. After 3 weeks of abstinence, participants completed a neuropsychological battery and a maximal oxygen consumption test (VO2 max). Multiple regressions tested whether past-year CAN use, VO2 max, and CAN*VO2 max interaction predicted neuropsychological performance, controlling for past-year alcohol use, cotinine, gender, and depression symptoms.
Increased CAN use was associated with decreased performance on working memory and psychomotor tasks. High aerobic fitness level was related to better performance on visual memory, verbal fluency, and sequencing ability. CAN*VO2 max predicted performance of psychomotor speed, visual memory, and sequencing ability.
Following monitored abstinence, increased CAN use was associated with poorer performance in working memory and psychomotor speed. Higher aerobic fitness level moderated the impact of CAN on visual memory, executive function and psychomotor speed, as more aerobically fit CAN users demonstrated better performance relative to low-fit users. Therefore, aerobic fitness may present an affordable and efficacious method to improve cognitive functioning in CAN users. (JINS, 2019, 25, 134-145).
在青少年时期，大麻（CAN）的使用率很高，这令人担忧，因为先前的研究表明，CAN 的使用与神经认知缺陷有关。经常使用 CAN 会下调内源性大麻素的活性，而有氧运动则会上调大麻素受体 1 的活性并释放内源性大麻素。在这里，我们研究了经常使用 CAN 对神经心理表现的影响，以及有氧运动能力是否会调节这些影响。
79 名年龄在 16-26 岁的年轻人（37 名 CAN 用户）参与了研究。两组在有氧运动能力水平上是平衡的。排除标准包括：左撇子、过去一年独立的轴 I 障碍、重大的医学/神经障碍、产前问题或产前酒精/非法药物暴露。在 3 周的禁欲后，参与者完成了神经心理测试和最大摄氧量测试（VO2 max）。多元回归测试了过去一年的 CAN 使用、VO2 max 以及 CAN*VO2 max 交互作用是否能预测神经心理表现，同时控制了过去一年的酒精使用、可替宁、性别和抑郁症状。
CAN 使用量的增加与工作记忆和心理运动任务表现的下降有关。高有氧运动能力水平与视觉记忆、言语流畅性和序列能力的表现较好有关。CAN*VO2 max 预测了心理运动速度、视觉记忆和序列能力的表现。
在经过监测的禁欲后，CAN 使用量的增加与工作记忆和心理运动速度的表现较差有关。较高的有氧运动能力水平调节了 CAN 对视觉记忆、执行功能和心理运动速度的影响，因为更适应有氧运动的 CAN 用户相对于低适应能力的用户表现出更好的表现。因此，有氧运动可能是一种经济实惠且有效的方法，可以改善 CAN 用户的认知功能。
