Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris-Diderot , 75013 Paris , France.
Biochemistry. 2019 Jan 8;58(1):40-47. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01001. Epub 2018 Dec 18.
Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin is the main protein family promoting the disassembly of actin filaments, which is essential for numerous cellular functions. ADF/cofilin proteins disassemble actin filaments through different reactions, as they bind to their sides, sever them, and promote the depolymerization of the resulting ADF/cofilin-saturated filaments. Moreover, the efficiency of ADF/cofilin is known to be very sensitive to pH. ADF/cofilin thus illustrates two challenges in actin biochemistry: separating the different regulatory actions of a single protein and characterizing them as a function of specific biochemical conditions. Here, we investigate the different reactions of ADF/cofilin on actin filaments, at four different pH values ranging from 6.6 to 7.8, using single-filament microfluidics techniques. We show that decreasing the pH decreases the effective filament severing rate by increasing the rate at which filaments become saturated by ADF/cofilin, thereby reducing the number of ADF/cofilin domain boundaries, where severing can occur. The severing rate per domain boundary, however, remains unchanged at different pH values. The ADF/cofilin-decorated filaments ("cofilactin" filaments) depolymerize from both ends. We show here that, at physiological pH (7.0-7.4), the pointed end depolymerization of cofilactin filaments is barely faster than that of bare filaments. In contrast, cofilactin barbed ends undergo an "unstoppable" depolymerization (depolymerizing for minutes despite the presence of free actin monomers and capping protein in solution), throughout our pH range. We thus show that, at physiological pH, the main contribution of ADF/cofilin to filament depolymerization is at the barbed end.
肌动蛋白解聚因子(ADF)/丝切蛋白是促进肌动蛋白丝解聚的主要蛋白家族,这对于许多细胞功能至关重要。ADF/cofilin 蛋白通过不同的反应来解聚肌动蛋白丝,因为它们结合在肌动蛋白丝的侧面,将其切断,并促进形成的 ADF/cofilin 饱和丝的解聚。此外,ADF/cofilin 的效率被认为对 pH 值非常敏感。因此,ADF/cofilin 说明了肌动蛋白生物化学中的两个挑战:分离单个蛋白的不同调节作用,并将其作为特定生化条件的函数进行表征。在这里,我们使用单丝微流控技术,在四个不同的 pH 值(6.6 至 7.8)下研究了 ADF/cofilin 在肌动蛋白丝上的不同反应。我们表明,随着 pH 值的降低,通过增加 ADF/cofilin 使肌动蛋白丝饱和的速率,有效肌动蛋白丝切断率降低,从而减少 ADF/cofilin 域边界的数量,而在这些域边界处可以发生切断。然而,在不同的 pH 值下,每个域边界的切断速率保持不变。ADF/cofilin 修饰的丝(“丝切蛋白丝”)从两端解聚。我们在这里表明,在生理 pH 值(7.0-7.4)下,丝切蛋白丝的尖端解聚速度几乎不比裸丝快。相比之下,在我们的 pH 范围内,丝切蛋白丝的带帽端经历了一种“不可阻挡”的解聚(尽管溶液中存在游离肌动蛋白单体和加帽蛋白,但仍能持续几分钟解聚)。因此,我们表明,在生理 pH 值下,ADF/cofilin 对丝解聚的主要贡献发生在带帽端。
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