Liu Xiaomin, Zhou Yunlin, Xiao Jianwei, Bao Fei
College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Nov 22;9:1715. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01715. eCollection 2018.
Chloroplasts are the organelles that perform energy transformation in plants. The normal physiological functions of chloroplasts are essential for plant growth and development. Chilling is a common environmental stress in nature that can directly affect the physiological functions of chloroplasts. First, chilling can change the lipid membrane state and enzyme activities in chloroplasts. Then, the efficiency of photosynthesis declines, and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. On one hand, excess ROS can damage the chloroplast lipid membrane; on the other hand, ROS also represent a stress signal that can alter gene expression in both the chloroplast and nucleus to help regenerate damaged proteins, regulate lipid homeostasis, and promote plant adaptation to low temperatures. Furthermore, plants assume abnormal morphology, including chlorosis and growth retardation, with some even exhibiting severe necrosis under chilling stress. Here, we review the response of chloroplasts to low temperatures and focus on photosynthesis, redox regulation, lipid homeostasis, and chloroplast development to elucidate the processes involved in plant responses and adaptation to chilling stress.
叶绿体是植物中进行能量转换的细胞器。叶绿体的正常生理功能对植物的生长发育至关重要。低温是自然界中一种常见的环境胁迫，会直接影响叶绿体的生理功能。首先，低温会改变叶绿体中的脂质膜状态和酶活性。然后，光合作用效率下降，并产生过量的活性氧（ROS）。一方面，过量的ROS会损害叶绿体脂质膜；另一方面，ROS也是一种胁迫信号，可改变叶绿体和细胞核中的基因表达，以帮助再生受损蛋白质、调节脂质稳态并促进植物对低温的适应。此外，植物会呈现异常形态，包括黄化和生长迟缓，有些甚至在低温胁迫下表现出严重坏死。在此，我们综述叶绿体对低温的响应，并着重于光合作用、氧化还原调节、脂质稳态和叶绿体发育，以阐明植物响应和适应低温胁迫所涉及的过程。
