Laraqui Omar, Manar Nadia, Laraqui Salwa, Ghailan Tarik, Deschamps Frédéric, Laraqui Chakib El Houssine
Graduate School of Health Engineering, Casablanca, Morocco.
Int Marit Health. 2018;69(4):233-242. doi: 10.5603/IMH.2018.0038.
The aim of this survey was to assess the stress in fishermen by analysing its relationship with sociodemographic and professional characteristics, by evaluating work stressors, and by estimating psychosomatic symptoms.
This cross-sectional survey involved representative sample of 828 artisanal and coastal fishermen. All participants were men and had a regular activity for at least 2 years. We used an individual questionnaire inspired by those of the National Institute for Research and Security of France and of the Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire.
The prevalence of self-reported stress was 53.9%. The average age was 36.7 ± 8.7 years, it was higher among stressed than non-stressed. The prevalence of stress was higher in subjects with dependents (69.1%) versus 30.9% without dependents, and among those living alone (61%) versus 47.5% among those living in couple. The prevalence of harmful habits was 68.5% for tobacco smoking or snuff, 36.8% for cannabis smoking, 35.4% for alcohol consumption, 8.6% for other psychotropic substances and medications, and 21.4% for antalgic drugs. These toxic habits were significantly higher in stressed individuals. Thirty-three point seven per cent had self-reported chronic pathologies (40.5% among stressed vs. 25.7% non-stressed). Thirty-four per cent were overweight (38.3% among stressed vs. 28.8% non-stressed), and 14% obese (19.3% among stressed vs. 7.6% non-stressed). The average daily working hours were 11.2 h (12.8 h among stressed subjects vs. 10.5 h non-stressed). Psychological demand was higher in stressed subjects, while decisional latitude and social support were lower. Psychosomatic symptoms were higher among stressed than non-stressed. The main suggestions of the fishermen were to improve income, social welfare, health insurance, safety on board, quality of lifestyle, sport and leisure activities, information and awareness campaigns of occupational stress, and fight against addictive behaviours.
Fishermen were at a high risk of chronic stress with its health consequences. Health promotion and education initiatives should be conducted to raise fishermen's awareness of the dangers of occupational stressors.
本次调查旨在通过分析压力与社会人口学和职业特征的关系、评估工作压力源以及估计身心症状，来评估渔民的压力状况。
这项横断面调查涉及828名个体渔民和沿海渔民的代表性样本。所有参与者均为男性，且从事该工作至少两年。我们使用了一份受法国国家研究与安全研究所及 Karasek 工作内容问卷启发而设计的个人问卷。
自我报告的压力患病率为53.9%。平均年龄为36.7±8.7岁，有压力者的年龄高于无压力者。有家属的受试者压力患病率较高（69.1%），而无家属者为30.9%；独居者压力患病率为61%，而夫妻同住者为47.5%。有害习惯的患病率分别为：吸烟或吸鼻烟68.5%、吸食大麻36.8%、饮酒35.4%、使用其他精神活性物质和药物8.6%、使用镇痛药21.4%。这些不良习惯在有压力的个体中显著更高。33.7%的人自我报告患有慢性疾病（有压力者中为40.5%，无压力者中为25.7%）。34%的人体重超重（有压力者中为38.3%，无压力者中为28.8%），14%的人肥胖（有压力者中为19.3%，无压力者中为7.6%）。平均每日工作时长为11.2小时（有压力的受试者为12.8小时，无压力者为10.5小时）。有压力的受试者心理需求更高，而决策自由度和社会支持更低。有压力者的身心症状比无压力者更严重。渔民们的主要建议是提高收入、社会福利、健康保险、船上安全、生活方式质量、体育和休闲活动、职业压力的信息和宣传活动，以及抵制成瘾行为。
渔民面临慢性压力及其健康后果的高风险。应开展健康促进和教育举措，以提高渔民对职业压力源危害的认识。
