Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France.
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France.
Water Res. 2019 Mar 15;151:144-157. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.014. Epub 2018 Dec 18.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric virus divided into eight genotypes. Genotype 1 (G1) and G2 are specific to humans; G3, G4 and G7 are zoonotic genotypes infecting humans and animals. Transmission to humans through water has been demonstrated for G1 and G2, mainly in developing countries, but is only suspected for the zoonotic genotypes. Thus, the water-related HEV hazard may be due to human and animal faeces. The high HEV genetic variability allows considering the presence in wastewater of not only different genotypes, but also quasispecies adding even greater diversity. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that HEV particles may be either quasi-enveloped or non-enveloped, potentially implying differential viral behaviours in the environment. The presence of HEV has been demonstrated at the different stages of the water cycle all over the world, especially for HEV G3 in Europe and the USA. Concerning HEV survival in water, the virus does not have higher resistance to inactivating factors (heat, UV, chlorine, physical removal), compared to viral indicators (MS2 phage) or other highly resistant enteric viruses (Hepatitis A virus). But the studies did not take into account genetic (genogroups, quasispecies) or structural (quasi- or non-enveloped forms) HEV variability. Viral variability could indeed modify HEV persistence in water by influencing its interaction with the environment, its infectivity and its pathogenicity, and subsequently its transmission by water. The cell culture methods used to study HEV survival still have drawbacks (challenging virus cultivation, time consuming, lack of sensitivity). As explained in the present review, the issue of HEV transmission to humans through water is similar to that of other enteric viruses because of their similar or lower survival. HEV transmission to animals through water and how the virus variability affects its survival and transmission remain to be investigated.
戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是一种肠道病毒，分为 8 个基因型。基因型 1（G1）和 G2 是人类特有的；G3、G4 和 G7 是感染人类和动物的人畜共患病基因型。G1 和 G2 通过水传播已被证实主要发生在发展中国家，但对人畜共患病基因型仅怀疑存在这种传播途径。因此，与水相关的 HEV 危害可能是由于人类和动物的粪便造成的。HEV 的高遗传变异性使得不仅可以考虑废水中存在不同的基因型，还可以考虑存在准种，从而增加了更多的多样性。此外，最近的研究表明，HEV 颗粒可能是准包膜或非包膜的，这可能意味着其在环境中的病毒行为存在差异。HEV 的存在已在世界各地的水循环的不同阶段得到证实，尤其是在欧洲和美国的 G3 基因型。关于 HEV 在水中的存活情况，与病毒指标（MS2 噬菌体）或其他高抗性肠道病毒（甲型肝炎病毒）相比，该病毒在灭活因素（热、紫外线、氯、物理去除）方面没有更高的抗性。但这些研究没有考虑 HEV 的遗传（基因型、准种）或结构（准包膜或非包膜形式）变异性。病毒变异性确实可以通过影响其与环境的相互作用、感染性和致病性来改变其在水中的持久性，从而影响其通过水传播的可能性。用于研究 HEV 存活的细胞培养方法仍然存在缺陷（病毒培养具有挑战性、耗时、缺乏敏感性）。如本综述所述，HEV 通过水传播给人类的问题与其他肠道病毒类似，因为它们的存活能力相似或更低。HEV 通过水传播给动物以及病毒变异性如何影响其存活和传播仍有待研究。
