Hawkins Anthony D, Popper Arthur N
Loughine Ltd., Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen, AB12 5YT, United Kingdom.
Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2018 Dec;144(6):3329. doi: 10.1121/1.5082306.
Directional hearing may enable fishes to seek out prey, avoid predators, find mates, and detect important spatial cues. Early sound localization experiments gave negative results, and it was thought unlikely that fishes utilized the same direction-finding mechanisms as terrestrial vertebrates. However, fishes swim towards underwater sound sources, and some can discriminate between sounds from different directions and distances. The otolith organs of the inner ear detect the particle motion components of sound, acting as vector detectors through the presence of sensory hair cells with differing orientation. However, many questions remain on inner ear functioning. There are problems in understanding the actual mechanisms involved in determining sound direction and distance. Moreover, very little is still known about the ability of fishes to locate sound sources in three-dimensional space. Do fishes swim directly towards a source, or instead "sample" sound levels while moving towards the source? To what extent do fishes utilize other senses and especially vision in locating the source? Further behavioral studies of free-swimming fishes are required to provide better understanding of how fishes might actually locate sound sources. In addition, more experiments are required on the auditory mechanism that fishes may utilize.
定向听觉可能使鱼类能够寻找猎物、躲避捕食者、寻找配偶并检测重要的空间线索。早期的声音定位实验得出了负面结果，人们认为鱼类不太可能利用与陆地脊椎动物相同的定向机制。然而，鱼类会游向水下声源，并且有些鱼类能够区分来自不同方向和距离的声音。内耳的耳石器官检测声音的粒子运动成分，通过存在具有不同方向的感觉毛细胞充当矢量探测器。然而，关于内耳功能仍有许多问题。在理解确定声音方向和距离所涉及的实际机制方面存在问题。此外，对于鱼类在三维空间中定位声源的能力仍然知之甚少。鱼类是直接游向声源，还是在游向声源时“采样”声级？鱼类在定位声源时在多大程度上利用其他感官，尤其是视觉？需要对自由游动的鱼类进行进一步的行为研究，以更好地了解鱼类实际如何定位声源。此外，还需要对鱼类可能利用的听觉机制进行更多实验。
