Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Toxins (Basel). 2019 Jan 14;11(1):36. doi: 10.3390/toxins11010036.
Food security is a global concern. are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
食品安全是一个全球性的问题。镰刀菌是最重要的真菌病原体之一，因为它们无处不在，病害管理仍然是一个挑战，它们产生影响食物和饲料安全的霉菌毒素，而且某些 物种的三萜烯霉菌毒素的产生会增加其致病性，这取决于宿主物种。尽管三萜烯的结构可能因羟化或乙酰化模式的不同而有所差异，但这些微小的变化对这些化合物的毒性和生物活性有重大影响。因此，检测和鉴定特定种群中存在的化学型对于预测可能产生的特定毒素以及评估暴露风险非常重要。由于在体外诱导 分离物产生三萜烯以进行后续化学分析存在挑战，因此已经开发了使用针对多个 物种三萜烯基因簇特定基因的基因特异性引物的 PCR 检测方法，无论是单独使用还是组合使用。建立与特定化学型相对应的 TRI 基因型需要检查信息和知识的管道，其关键方面按顺序排列是：（i）了解 TRI 基因簇的组织，其根据研究的 物种而有所不同；（ii）了解核心 TRI 基因簇在进化过程中的重排，这也因 物种而异；（iii）TRI 基因在三萜烯类似物生物合成中的功能；以及（iv）基于（i）⁻（iii），为研究中的 物种选择适当的目标 TRI 基因（s）用于 PCR 扩增中的引物设计。因此，本综述解释了该管道及其与利用 TRI 基因型作为化学型指定的可能替代物的联系。
