Richert-Pöggeler Katja R, Franzke Kati, Hipp Katharina, Kleespies Regina G
Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute, Braunschweig, Germany.
Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Front Microbiol. 2019 Jan 7;9:3255. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03255. eCollection 2018.
The term "virosphere" describes both the space where viruses are found and the space they influence, and can extend to their impact on the environment, highlighting the complexity of the interactions involved. Studying the biology of viruses and the etiology of virus disease is crucial to the prevention of viral disease, efficient and reliable virus diagnosis, and virus control. Electron microscopy (EM) is an essential tool in the detection and analysis of virus replication. New EM methods and ongoing technical improvements offer a broad spectrum of applications, allowing in-depth investigation of viral impact on not only the host but also the environment. Indeed, using the most up-to-date electron cryomicroscopy methods, such investigations are now close to atomic resolution. In combination with bioinformatics, the transition from 2D imaging to 3D remodeling allows structural and functional analyses that extend and augment our knowledge of the astonishing diversity in virus structure and lifestyle. In combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy, EM enables live imaging of cells and tissues with high-resolution analysis. Here, we describe the pivotal role played by EM in the study of viruses, from structural analysis to the biological relevance of the viral metagenome (virome).
“病毒圈”一词既描述了发现病毒的空间及其所影响的空间，也可延伸至其对环境的影响，凸显了其中所涉及相互作用的复杂性。研究病毒生物学及病毒病病因对于预防病毒病、进行高效可靠的病毒诊断以及病毒控制至关重要。电子显微镜（EM）是检测和分析病毒复制的重要工具。新的电子显微镜方法和不断的技术改进提供了广泛的应用，使得不仅能够深入研究病毒对宿主的影响，还能研究其对环境的影响。事实上，使用最新的电子冷冻显微镜方法，此类研究现已接近原子分辨率。结合生物信息学，从二维成像到三维重塑的转变能够进行结构和功能分析，拓展并加深我们对病毒结构和生活方式惊人多样性的认识。与共聚焦激光扫描显微镜相结合，电子显微镜能够对细胞和组织进行高分辨率分析的实时成像。在此，我们描述了电子显微镜在病毒研究中所起的关键作用，从结构分析到病毒宏基因组（病毒群落）的生物学意义。
