Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
Sports Med. 2019 Feb;49(Suppl 1):3-23. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0998-x.
Polyphenols are characterised structurally by two or more hydroxyl groups attached to one or more benzene rings, and provide the taste and colour characteristics of fruits and vegetables. They are radical scavengers and metal chelators, but due to their low concentration in biological fluids in vivo their antioxidant properties seem to be related to enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity induced via signalling through the Nrf2 pathway. Polyphenols also seem to possess anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to enhance vascular function via nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. As a consequence, there is a rationale for supplementation with fruit-derived polyphenols both to enhance exercise performance, since excess reactive oxygen species generation has been implicated in fatigue development, and to enhance recovery from muscle damage induced by intensive exercise due to the involvement of inflammation and oxidative damage within muscle. Current evidence would suggest that acute supplementation with ~ 300 mg polyphenols 1-2 h prior to exercise may enhance exercise capacity and/or performance during endurance and repeated sprint exercise via antioxidant and vascular mechanisms. However, only a small number of studies have been performed to date, some with methodological limitations, and more research is needed to confirm these findings. A larger body of evidence suggests that supplementation with > 1000 mg polyphenols per day for 3 or more days prior to and following exercise will enhance recovery following muscle damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The many remaining unanswered questions within the field of polyphenol research and exercise performance and recovery are highlighted within this review article.
多酚在结构上的特点是一个或多个苯环上连接有两个或更多个羟基，为水果和蔬菜提供了味道和颜色特征。它们是自由基清除剂和金属螯合剂，但由于其在体内生物液中的浓度较低，其抗氧化特性似乎与通过 Nrf2 途径的信号转导增强内源性抗氧化能力有关。多酚还具有抗炎特性，已被证明通过一氧化氮介导的机制增强血管功能。因此，有理由补充水果来源的多酚，既可以提高运动表现，因为过量的活性氧物种生成与疲劳发展有关，也可以通过炎症和氧化损伤的参与来增强剧烈运动引起的肌肉损伤后的恢复。目前的证据表明，在运动前 1-2 小时急性补充约 300 毫克多酚可能通过抗氧化和血管机制增强耐力和重复冲刺运动的运动能力和/或表现。然而，迄今为止，只有少数研究进行了研究，其中一些存在方法学限制，需要更多的研究来证实这些发现。更多的证据表明，在运动前后每天补充 1000 毫克以上的多酚持续 3 天或更长时间可以通过抗氧化和抗炎机制增强肌肉损伤后的恢复。本文综述了多酚研究和运动表现和恢复领域中许多悬而未决的问题。
