Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Developmental Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Developmental Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Prog Neurobiol. 2019 Apr;175:77-95. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.003. Epub 2019 Jan 21.
Of all brain regions, the 6-layered neocortex has undergone the most dramatic changes in size and complexity during mammalian brain evolution. These changes, occurring in the context of a conserved set of organizational features that emerge through stereotypical developmental processes, are considered responsible for the cognitive capacities and sensory specializations represented within the mammalian clade. The modern experimental era of developmental neurobiology, spanning 6 decades, has deciphered a number of mechanisms responsible for producing the diversity of cortical neuron types, their precise connectivity and the role of gene by environment interactions. Here, experiments providing insight into the development of cortical projection neuron differentiation and connectivity are reviewed. This current perspective integrates discussion of classic studies and new findings, based on recent technical advances, to highlight an improved understanding of the neuronal complexity and precise connectivity of cortical circuitry. These descriptive advances bring new opportunities for studies related to the developmental origins of cortical circuits that will, in turn, improve the prospects of identifying pathogenic targets of neurodevelopmental disorders.
在所有脑区中，6 层新皮层在哺乳动物大脑进化过程中经历了最大的大小和复杂性变化。这些变化发生在通过典型发育过程出现的一组保守组织特征的背景下，被认为是负责哺乳动物类群中表现出的认知能力和感觉特化的原因。发育神经生物学的现代实验时代跨越了 60 年，已经破译了许多负责产生皮质神经元类型多样性、其精确连接以及基因与环境相互作用的机制。在这里，综述了有助于理解皮质投射神经元分化和连接发育的实验。本综述结合了基于最新技术进展的经典研究和新发现的讨论，强调了对皮质电路神经元复杂性和精确连接的更好理解。这些描述性进展为与皮质电路发育起源相关的研究带来了新的机会，这反过来又将提高确定神经发育障碍致病靶点的前景。
