Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63107, USA.
Neuron. 2018 Aug 22;99(4):640-663. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.002.
The cerebral cortex in mammals contains a mosaic of cortical areas that differ in function, architecture, connectivity, and/or topographic organization. A combination of local connectivity (within-area microcircuitry) and long-distance (between-area) connectivity enables each area to perform a unique set of computations. Some areas also have characteristic within-area mesoscale organization, reflecting specialized representations of distinct types of information. Cortical areas interact with one another to form functional networks that mediate behavior, and each area may be a part of multiple, partially overlapping networks. Given their importance to the understanding of brain organization, mapping cortical areas across species is a major objective of systems neuroscience and has been a century-long challenge. Here, we review recent progress in multi-modal mapping of mouse and nonhuman primate cortex, mainly using invasive experimental methods. These studies also provide a neuroanatomical foundation for mapping human cerebral cortex using noninvasive neuroimaging, including a new map of human cortical areas that we generated using a semiautomated analysis of high-quality, multimodal neuroimaging data. We contrast our semiautomated approach to human multimodal cortical mapping with various extant fully automated human brain parcellations that are based on only a single imaging modality and offer suggestions on how to best advance the noninvasive brain parcellation field. We discuss the limitations as well as the strengths of current noninvasive methods of mapping brain function, architecture, connectivity, and topography and of current approaches to mapping the brain's functional networks.
哺乳动物的大脑皮层包含功能、结构、连接和/或拓扑组织不同的皮质区镶嵌。局部连接（区内微电路）和远距离（区间）连接的组合使每个区域能够执行独特的计算集。一些区域还具有特征性的区内中尺度组织，反映了不同类型信息的专门表示。皮质区相互作用形成介导行为的功能网络，每个区域可能是多个部分重叠网络的一部分。鉴于它们对大脑组织理解的重要性，跨物种绘制皮质区是系统神经科学的主要目标，也是一个长达一个世纪的挑战。在这里，我们回顾了使用侵入性实验方法对小鼠和非人类灵长类动物皮层进行多模态映射的最新进展。这些研究还为使用非侵入性神经影像学对人类大脑皮层进行映射提供了神经解剖学基础，包括我们使用高质量多模态神经影像学数据的半自动分析生成的人类皮质区新图谱。我们将我们的半自动方法与各种现有的完全自动化的人类大脑分割进行了对比，这些分割仅基于单一的成像模式，并且就如何最好地推进非侵入性大脑分割领域提出了建议。我们讨论了当前用于映射大脑功能、结构、连接和拓扑以及用于映射大脑功能网络的当前方法的局限性和优势。
