School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 20;657:1409-1418. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.096. Epub 2018 Dec 10.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that has been increasingly regulated over the past few decades. The main exposure routes for the general public are the consumption of certain foods and the inhalation of cigarette smoke. However, additional exposure may occur through the current and historical use of the metal in consumer products. In this paper, the uses of Cd in consumer goods are reviewed, with the focus on brightly-coloured Cd sulphide and sulphoselenide pigments, and measurements of Cd in historical and contemporary products ascertained by XRF are reported. Cadmium is encountered across a wide range of contemporary plastic products, mainly because of the unregulated recycling of electronic waste and polyvinyl chloride. However, concentrations are generally low (<100 μg g), conforming with current limits and posing minimal risk to consumers. Of greater concern is high concentrations of pigmented Cd (up to 2% by weight) in old products, and in particular children's toys that remain in circulation. Here, tests conducted suggest that Cd migration in some products exceeds the Toy Safety Directive limit of 17 μg g by an order of magnitude. The principal current use of Cd pigments is in ceramic products where the metal is encapsulated and overglazed. Leaching tests on new and secondhand items of hollowware indicate compliance with respect to the current Cd limit of 300 μg L, but that non-compliance could occur for items of earthenware or damaged articles should a proposed limit of 5 μg L be introduced. The greatest consumer risk identified is the use of Cd pigments in the enamels of decorated drinking glasses. Thus, while décor is restricted to the exterior, any enamel within the lip area is subject to ready attack from acidic beverages because the pigments are neither encapsulated nor overglazed. Glass bottles decorated with Cd-based enamel do not appear to represent a direct health hazard but have the propensity to contaminate recycled glass products. It is recommended that decorated glassware is better regulated and that old, brightly-coloured toys are treated cautiously.
镉是一种有毒的重金属，在过去几十年中受到越来越多的监管。公众的主要暴露途径是食用某些食物和吸入香烟烟雾。然而，由于当前和历史上在消费品中使用该金属，可能会有额外的暴露。本文综述了镉在消费品中的用途，重点是颜色鲜艳的镉硫化物和硒硫化物颜料，并报告了通过 XRF 测量的历史和当代产品中的镉含量。镉在广泛的现代塑料产品中都有发现，主要是因为电子废物和聚氯乙烯的不受监管的回收。然而，浓度通常较低（<100μg/g），符合当前的限制，对消费者的风险很小。更令人担忧的是旧产品中含有高浓度的颜料化镉（高达 2%的重量），特别是仍在流通的儿童玩具。这里，进行的测试表明，在某些产品中，镉的迁移量超过了玩具安全指令规定的 17μg/g 的限值一个数量级。镉颜料的当前主要用途是在金属被封装和上釉的陶瓷产品中。对新的和二手的空心器皿进行的浸出试验表明，新的和二手的空心器皿符合当前 300μg/L 的镉限量要求，但如果引入 5μg/L 的建议限量，那么陶器或损坏物品的限量可能会不达标。确定的最大消费者风险是在装饰饮用玻璃杯的釉料中使用镉颜料。因此，虽然装饰仅限于外部，但由于颜料既没有被封装也没有上釉，因此在嘴唇区域内的任何釉料都容易受到酸性饮料的侵蚀。用基于镉的釉料装饰的玻璃瓶似乎不会直接对健康构成危害，但有污染回收玻璃制品的倾向。建议更好地监管装饰玻璃器皿，并谨慎处理颜色鲜艳的旧玩具。
