Arlinghaus Anna, Bohle Philip, Iskra-Golec Irena, Jansen Nicole, Jay Sarah, Rotenberg Lucia
XIMES GmbH, Austria.
Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.
Ind Health. 2019 Apr 1;57(2):184-200. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.SW-4. Epub 2019 Jan 31.
Working time arrangements that require shift work or other non-standard working hours have significant potential to encroach on time that is highly valued for family, social and leisure activity. This can often result in workers experiencing poorer work-family or work-life balance. Based on an extensive literature search and expert knowledge, primary risk factors were identified including shift work; long, irregular and unpredictable working hours; and work on evenings and weekends (in combination and independent of shift work). On the other hand, flexibility, in the form of adequate worker control over work schedules, may be a protective factor. In addition, workers experiencing excessive work-life conflict are likely to reduce their working hours, reflecting a reciprocal relationship between working hours and work-life balance. Workers' families are also affected by shift work and non-standard working hours. Parents' shift work is associated with poorer emotional and developmental outcomes for their children, and to a greater likelihood of risky behavior in adolescence. Additionally, the risk of separation or divorce is increased, especially for parents working night shifts. Due to relationships such as those above, the consequences of shiftwork and non-standard working hours on family and social life are largely dependent on a complex interaction between specific work schedules, other aspects of work organization, and family and individual worker characteristics. This article provides an overview of current evidence regarding the relationships between working time arrangements and various social and family variables, and concludes with shift scheduling and intervention recommendations to improve work-life balance and social well-being.
需要轮班工作或其他非标准工作时间的工作安排，极有可能侵占人们用于家庭、社交和休闲活动的宝贵时间。这往往会导致员工的工作与家庭或工作与生活的平衡状况变差。基于广泛的文献检索和专业知识，确定了主要风险因素，包括轮班工作；工作时间长、不规律且不可预测；以及在晚上和周末工作（包括与轮班工作结合以及独立于轮班工作的情况）。另一方面，以员工对工作时间表有足够控制权形式存在的灵活性，可能是一个保护因素。此外，经历过度工作与生活冲突的员工可能会减少工作时间，这反映了工作时间与工作生活平衡之间的相互关系。员工的家庭也会受到轮班工作和非标准工作时间的影响。父母的轮班工作与孩子较差的情绪和发育结果相关，并且孩子在青春期出现危险行为的可能性更大。此外，分居或离婚的风险会增加，尤其是对于上夜班的父母。由于上述种种关系，轮班工作和非标准工作时间对家庭和社会生活的影响在很大程度上取决于特定工作时间表、工作组织的其他方面以及家庭和员工个人特征之间的复杂相互作用。本文概述了关于工作时间安排与各种社会和家庭变量之间关系的现有证据，并以轮班安排和干预建议作为结尾，以改善工作与生活的平衡以及社会福祉。
