Institute for Groundwater Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Institute for Groundwater Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Environmental Informatics, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 1;663:285-296. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.270. Epub 2019 Jan 23.
This paper aims to review the existing occurrence data in Spanish groundwater (GW) for the emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) defined in the surface water Watch Lists of Decisions 2015/495/EU and 2018/840/EU since these contaminants are likely to reach GW bodies because surface waters show close interaction with GW. These two lists include 20 substances: 9 pesticides (5 neonicotinoids, 2 carbamates, 1 oxadiazole and 1 semicarbazone), 6 pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and 5 antibiotics), 3 estrogens, 1 UV filter (2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, EHMC) and 1 antioxidant (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, BHT). Most of these substances are usually detected at low ng/L concentration range or not detected in the GW bodies of Spain. However, eventually they are reported at concentrations>100ng/L (e.g., imidacloprid, methiocarb, diclofenac, macrolide antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, EHMC and BHT). Consequently, it is required to set up drinking water standards, and/or GW threshold quality values because GW is a valuable water resource worldwide. Overall, GW is less contaminated than other water bodies, such as rivers, suggesting that aquifers possess a natural attenuation capacity and/or are less vulnerable than rivers to contamination. Nevertheless, the natural hydrogeochemical processes that control the fate and transformation of these substances during infiltration and in the aquifer have been barely investigated so far. The concentrations of the target EOCs are used to calculate hazard quotients (HQs) in the Spanish GW bodies as an estimation of their ecotoxicity and in order to compare somehow their chemical quality with respect to those of surface water. Due to the limited ecotoxicity data for most EOCs, HQs can only be calculated for few substances. The results pointed out the risk posed by the anti-inflammatory diclofenac towards Ceriodaphnia dubia (HQ=21) and the medium risk associated to the antibiotic erythromycin for Brachionus calyciflorus (HQ=0.46).
本文旨在回顾西班牙地下水（GW）中新兴有机污染物（EOCs）的现有出现数据，这些污染物是在 2015/495/EU 和 2018/840/EU 地表水监测清单的决定中定义的，因为这些污染物很可能进入 GW 水体，因为地表水与 GW 密切相互作用。这两份清单包括 20 种物质：9 种农药（5 种新烟碱类、2 种氨基甲酸酯类、1 种恶二唑类和 1 种半卡巴嗪类）、6 种药物（双氯芬酸和 5 种抗生素）、3 种雌激素、1 种紫外线滤光剂（2-乙基己基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸，EHMC）和 1 种抗氧化剂（2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚，BHT）。这些物质中的大多数通常以低 ng/L 浓度范围检测到，或者在西班牙的 GW 体中未检测到。然而，最终它们的浓度报告超过 100ng/L（例如，吡虫啉、灭多威、双氯芬酸、大环内酯类抗生素、环丙沙星、EHMC 和 BHT）。因此，需要制定饮用水标准，和/或 GW 阈值质量值，因为 GW 是全球有价值的水资源。总体而言，GW 的污染程度低于其他水体，如河流，这表明含水层具有自然衰减能力，或者比河流更不易受到污染。然而，到目前为止，对控制这些物质在渗透和含水层中命运和转化的自然水文地球化学过程的研究还很少。目标 EOC 的浓度用于计算西班牙 GW 体中的危害商数（HQ），作为对其生态毒性的估计，并在某种程度上比较其化学质量与地表水的化学质量。由于大多数 EOC 的有限生态毒性数据，只能计算少数物质的 HQ。结果表明，抗炎药双氯芬酸对 Ceriodaphnia dubia （HQ=21）构成的风险，以及抗生素红霉素对 Brachionus calyciflorus （HQ=0.46）构成的中等风险。
