Shipley Rebecca, Wright Edward, Selden David, Wu Guanghui, Aegerter James, Fooks Anthony R, Banyard Ashley C
Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), KT15 3NB Weybridge-London, UK.
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 7;4(1):31. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010031.
Bats in the EU have been associated with several zoonotic viral pathogens of significance to both human and animal health. Virus discovery continues to expand the existing understating of virus classification, and the increased interest in bats globally as reservoirs or carriers of zoonotic agents has fuelled the continued detection and characterisation of new lyssaviruses and other viral zoonoses. Although the transmission of lyssaviruses from bat species to humans or terrestrial species appears rare, interest in these viruses remains, through their ability to cause the invariably fatal encephalitis-rabies. The association of bats with other viral zoonoses is also of great interest. Much of the EU is free of terrestrial rabies, but several bat species harbor lyssaviruses that remain a risk to human and animal health. Whilst the rabies virus is the main cause of rabies globally, novel related viruses continue to be discovered, predominantly in bat populations, that are of interest purely through their classification within the lyssavirus genus alongside the rabies virus. Although the rabies virus is principally transmitted from the bite of infected dogs, these related lyssaviruses are primarily transmitted to humans and terrestrial carnivores by bats. Even though reports of zoonotic viruses from bats within the EU are rare, to protect human and animal health, it is important characterise novel bat viruses for several reasons, namely: (i) to investigate the mechanisms for the maintenance, potential routes of transmission, and resulting clinical signs, if any, in their natural hosts; (ii) to investigate the ability of existing vaccines, where available, to protect against these viruses; (iii) to evaluate the potential for spill over and onward transmission of viral pathogens in novel terrestrial hosts. This review is an update on the current situation regarding zoonotic virus discovery within bats in the EU, and provides details of potential future mechanisms to control the threat from these deadly pathogens.
欧盟的蝙蝠与几种对人类和动物健康具有重要意义的人畜共患病毒病原体有关。病毒发现不断扩展对病毒分类的现有认识，全球对蝙蝠作为人畜共患病原体宿主或携带者的兴趣增加，推动了对新狂犬病病毒和其他病毒性人畜共患病的持续检测和特征描述。尽管狂犬病病毒从蝙蝠物种传播到人类或陆生物种的情况似乎很少见，但由于它们能够引发 invariably fatal encephalitis-rabies（此处可能有误，推测为“致命性脑炎——狂犬病”），人们对这些病毒的兴趣依然存在。蝙蝠与其他病毒性人畜共患病的关联也备受关注。欧盟大部分地区没有陆生狂犬病，但几种蝙蝠携带的狂犬病病毒仍然对人类和动物健康构成风险。虽然狂犬病病毒是全球狂犬病的主要病因，但仍不断发现新的相关病毒，主要在蝙蝠种群中，这些病毒仅因其与狂犬病病毒同属狂犬病病毒属而受到关注。尽管狂犬病病毒主要通过感染犬类的咬伤传播，但这些相关的狂犬病病毒主要由蝙蝠传播给人类和陆生食肉动物。尽管欧盟境内关于蝙蝠携带人畜共患病毒的报告很少，但为保护人类和动物健康，鉴定新型蝙蝠病毒很重要，原因如下：（i）研究其在自然宿主中的维持机制、潜在传播途径以及可能出现的临床症状；（ii）研究现有可用疫苗对这些病毒的防护能力；（iii）评估病毒病原体在新型陆生宿主中溢出和进一步传播的可能性。本综述更新了欧盟蝙蝠中发现人畜共患病毒的现状，并详细介绍了未来控制这些致命病原体威胁的潜在机制。
