Matanguihan J B, Murphy K M, Jones S S
Washington State University, Pullman.
Washington State University, Mount Vernon.
Plant Dis. 2011 Feb;95(2):92-103. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-09-10-0620.
Common bunt, caused by the seedborne and soilborne pathogens Tilletia caries and T. laevis, has re-emerged as a major disease in organic wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is routinely managed with the use of synthetic chemical seed treatments. For this reason, common bunt is a relatively unimportant disease in conventional agriculture. However, since synthetic chemical inputs are prohibited in organic agriculture, common bunt is a major threat once more in organic wheat and seed production. The challenge today is to manage the disease without the use of chemical seed treatments. This review reports on the management of common bunt under organic farming systems, mainly through host resistance and organic seed treatments. We report the history of screening wheat germplasm for bunt resistance, the search for new sources of resistance, and identification and mapping of bunt resistance genes. Since the pathogen has a gene-for-gene relationship with the host, this review also includes a summary of work on pathogen race identification and virulence patterns of field isolates. Also included are studies on the physiological and molecular basis of host resistance. Alternative seed treatments are discussed, including physical seed treatments, and microbial-based and plant-based treatments acceptable in organic systems. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the current gaps in research on the management of common bunt in organic wheat.
由种子传播和土壤传播病原体小麦网腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia caries)和光腥黑穗病菌(T. laevis)引起的小麦网腥黑穗病,再度成为有机小麦种植中的一种主要病害。在传统农业中,通常使用合成化学种子处理剂来防治小麦网腥黑穗病。因此,在传统农业中,小麦网腥黑穗病是一种相对不太重要的病害。然而,由于有机农业禁止使用合成化学投入物,小麦网腥黑穗病再次对有机小麦和种子生产构成重大威胁。如今面临的挑战是在不使用化学种子处理剂的情况下防治这种病害。本综述报告了有机种植系统下小麦网腥黑穗病的防治情况,主要通过寄主抗性和有机种子处理方法。我们报告了筛选小麦种质抗腥黑穗病的历史、寻找新的抗性来源以及腥黑穗病抗性基因的鉴定和定位情况。由于病原菌与寄主存在基因对基因的关系,本综述还总结了病原菌生理小种鉴定及田间分离株毒力模式的研究工作。还包括寄主抗性的生理和分子基础研究。讨论了替代种子处理方法,包括物理种子处理以及有机系统中可接受的基于微生物和基于植物的处理方法。文章最后简要讨论了目前有机小麦网腥黑穗病防治研究中的空白。