Palmer Caroline, Spidle Frances, Koopmans Erik, Schubert Peter
1 Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
2 Schulich School of Music, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Sep;72(9):2272-2287. doi: 10.1177/1747021819833968. Epub 2019 Apr 1.
We examined the relationship between endogenous rhythms, auditory and visual cues, and body movement in the temporal coordination of duet singers. Sixteen pairs of experienced vocalists sang a familiar melody in Solo and two Duet conditions. Vocalists sang together in Unison (simultaneously producing identical pitches) and Round Duet conditions (one vocalist, the Follower, producing pitches at an eight-tone delay from their partner, the Leader) while facing Inward (full visual cues) and Outward (reduced visual cues). Larger tempo differences in partners' spontaneous (temporally unconstrained) Solo performances were associated with larger asynchrony in Duet performances, consistent with coupling predictions for oscillators with similar natural frequencies. Vocalists were slightly but consistently more synchronous in Duets when facing their partner (Inward) than when facing Outward; Unison and Round performances were equally synchronous. The greater difficulty of Rounds production was evidenced in vocalists' slower performance rates and more variable head movements; Followers directed their head gaze away from their partner and used bobbing head movements to mark the musical beat. The strength of Followers' head movements corresponded to the amount of tone onset asynchrony with their partners, indicating a strong association between timing and movement under increased attentional and working memory demands in music performance.
我们研究了二重唱歌手在时间协调方面内源性节律、听觉和视觉线索以及身体动作之间的关系。16对经验丰富的歌手在独唱和两种二重唱条件下演唱一首熟悉的旋律。歌手们在面对向内（完整视觉线索）和向外（减少视觉线索）时，以齐唱（同时发出相同音高）和轮唱二重唱条件（一名歌手，即跟随者，比其搭档，即领唱者，延迟八个音高发出音高）的方式一起演唱。搭档自发（时间上无限制）独唱表演中的较大节奏差异与二重唱表演中的较大异步性相关，这与对具有相似固有频率的振荡器的耦合预测一致。歌手们在面对搭档（向内）时，二重唱中的同步性略高于但始终高于面对向外时；齐唱和轮唱表演的同步性相同。轮唱表演的更大难度体现在歌手较慢的表演速度和更多变的头部动作上；跟随者将目光从搭档身上移开，并使用点头动作来标记音乐节拍。跟随者头部动作的强度与他们与搭档的音高起始异步量相对应，表明在音乐表演中注意力和工作记忆需求增加的情况下，时间与动作之间存在紧密关联。
