Blaser Marc A, Seiler Roland
Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jan 31;10:77. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00077. eCollection 2019.
One of the psychological mechanisms that contribute to effective and efficient team actions is team cognition, defined either as shared knowledge states about game situations, teammates' skills, and action probabilities or direct communication processes in the team action itself. Particularly in interactive team sports (e.g., football), characterized by highly complex, dynamic, and uncertain situations, sharing a common understanding concerning potential future actions and how to coordinate these actions may be an advantage. Otherwise, team members must communicate their thoughts and ideas on the fly, which might be impossible due to time pressure, cognitive costs or noisy environments. This study examined if shared knowledge and verbal communication change through collective training. Forty-six under-18 and under-21 youth football players performed a football task in teams of two. The task consisted of passing and running elements common in football. After a training phase, and before two testing phases, players evaluated their actions and the actions of their assigned teammate regarding action type, location, and timing. Out of these evaluations, two indices of common understanding were computed. Furthermore, verbal communication during the task was video-and audio-recorded. Data analysis showed that shared knowledge considerably increased over time and with practice. Simultaneously, overall verbal communication and verbal communication consisting of orienting information was significantly reduced. Additionally, there was a tendency for a correlation that when shared knowledge increased, orienting verbal communication decreased. Overall, the players used orienting communications the most (77%). The study revealed that shared knowledge states and verbal communication change through collective training and that there might be a relation between the level of shared knowledge and the use of orienting verbal communication. Further studies in and off the field are needed to disentangle the complex interplay of team cognitions.
有助于团队有效且高效行动的心理机制之一是团队认知，它可被定义为关于比赛情况、队友技能及行动概率的共享知识状态，或者团队行动本身中的直接沟通流程。尤其在以高度复杂、动态且不确定情况为特征的互动团队运动（如足球）中，就潜在未来行动以及如何协调这些行动达成共同理解可能具有优势。否则，团队成员必须即时交流他们的想法，但由于时间压力、认知成本或嘈杂环境，这可能无法实现。本研究考察了共享知识和言语交流是否会通过集体训练而改变。46名18岁及以下和21岁及以下的青少年足球运动员两人一组完成一项足球任务。该任务包括足球中常见的传球和跑动元素。在一个训练阶段之后，以及在两个测试阶段之前，球员们就行动类型、位置和时机评估了自己以及指定队友的行动。基于这些评估，计算出了两个共同理解指标。此外，任务期间的言语交流进行了视频和音频记录。数据分析表明，共享知识随着时间推移和练习大幅增加。同时，总体言语交流以及由定向信息组成的言语交流显著减少。此外，存在一种相关性趋势，即共享知识增加时，定向言语交流减少。总体而言，球员们使用定向交流最多（77%）。该研究表明，共享知识状态和言语交流通过集体训练而改变，并且共享知识水平与定向言语交流的使用之间可能存在关联。需要在场上和场下进行进一步研究，以厘清团队认知的复杂相互作用。
