Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
Student Services Authority, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
J Environ Sci (China). 2022 Jul;117:253-263. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.049. Epub 2022 May 9.
Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfectants such as chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br) with organics in the water. Our previous study (Daiber et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6652; 2016) found correlations between the concentrations of classes of DBPs and the mutagenic potencies of waters from chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas. We extended this study by identifying significantly different concentrations of 21 individual DBPs in brominated or chlorinated pool and spa waters as well as identifying which DBPs and additional DBP classes were most associated with the mutagenicity of these waters. Using data from our previous study, we found that among 21 DBPs analyzed in 21 pool and spa waters, the concentration of bromoacetic acid was significantly higher in Br-waters versus Cl-waters, whereas the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was significantly higher in Cl-waters. Five Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromochloroacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, bromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid) had significantly higher concentrations in Br-spa versus Cl-spa waters. Cl-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Cl-DBPs (trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and chloroacetic acid), whereas Br-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, and tribromoacetic acid). The concentrations of the sum of all 4 trihalomethanes, all 11 Br-DBPs, and all 5 nitrogen-containing DBPs were each significantly higher in brominated than in chlorinated pools and spas. The 8 Br-DBPs were the only DBPs whose individual concentrations were significantly correlated with the mutagenic potencies of the pool and spa waters. These results, along with those from our earlier study, highlight the importance of Br-DBPs in the mutagenicity of these recreational waters.
虽然游泳的健康益处已有充分记录，但哮喘和膀胱癌等健康影响与泳池水中的消毒副产物 (DBP) 有关。DBP 是由消毒剂（如氯 (Cl) 或溴 (Br)）与水中有机物反应形成的。我们之前的研究（Daiber 等人，环境科学与技术 50, 6652; 2016）发现，氯化或溴化游泳池和水疗中心水中 DBP 类别的浓度与水的致突变潜力之间存在相关性。我们通过确定溴化或氯化游泳池和水疗中心水中 21 种单独 DBP 的浓度有显著差异，以及确定哪些 DBP 和其他 DBP 类别与这些水的致突变性最相关，扩展了这项研究。使用我们之前研究的数据，我们发现，在 21 种游泳池和水疗中心水中分析的 21 种 DBP 中，溴乙酸的浓度在 Br 水中显著高于 Cl 水中，而三氯乙酸的浓度在 Cl 水中显著更高。在 Br 水疗中心水中，五种 Br-DBP（三溴甲烷、二溴氯乙酸、二溴乙腈、溴乙酸和三溴乙酸）的浓度明显更高。Cl 泳池的 Cl-DBP（三氯乙醛、三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和氯乙酸）浓度明显更高，而 Br 泳池的 Br-DBP（三溴甲烷、二溴氯乙酸、二溴乙腈和三溴乙酸）浓度明显更高。所有 4 种三卤甲烷、所有 11 种 Br-DBP 和所有 5 种含氮 DBP 的总和浓度在溴化水中均显著高于氯化水中。8 种 Br-DBP 是唯一与泳池和水疗中心水致突变潜力呈显著正相关的 DBP。这些结果以及我们之前的研究结果，强调了 Br-DBP 在这些娱乐用水的致突变性中的重要性。
