, P.O. Box 7, Ikenobe, 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan.
Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, IAREF, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
Planta. 2019 Apr;249(4):975-1006. doi: 10.1007/s00425-019-03100-x. Epub 2019 Feb 20.
Studies on the tissue culture of apple have allowed for molecular, biotechnological and applied breeding research to advance. In the past 8 years, over 100 papers advancing basic biology, genetic transformation and cryobiology have emerged. Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) is an important fruit crop grown mainly in temperate regions of the world. In vitro tissue culture is a biotechnological technique that has been used to genetically improve cultivars (scions) and rootstocks. This updated review presents a synthesis of findings related to the tissue culture of apple and other Malus spp. between 2010 and 2018. Increasingly complex molecular studies that are examining the apple genome, for example, in a bid to identify the cause of epigenetic mutations and the role of transposable elements in this process would benefit from genetically stable source material, which can be produced in vitro. Several notable or curious in vitro culture methods have been reported to improve shoot regeneration and induce the production of tetraploids in apple cultivars and rootstocks. Existing studies have revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition of adventitious roots by cytokinin. The use of the plant growth correction factor allows hypothetical shoot production from leaf-derived thin cell layers relative to conventional leaf explants to be determined. This updated review will allow novices and established researchers to advance apple and Malus biotechnology and breeding programs.
对苹果组织培养的研究促进了分子、生物技术和应用育种研究的发展。在过去的 8 年中，已有 100 多篇论文涉及基础生物学、遗传转化和低温生物学等领域。苹果（Malus × domestica Borkh.；蔷薇科）是一种重要的水果作物，主要生长在世界温带地区。体外组织培养是一种生物技术，已被用于遗传改良品种（接穗）和砧木。本综述总结了 2010 年至 2018 年间苹果及其他苹果属植物组织培养的研究结果。例如，越来越复杂的分子研究正在对苹果基因组进行研究，以确定表观遗传突变的原因以及转座因子在这一过程中的作用，这需要遗传稳定的材料，而这些材料可以在体外产生。已经报道了几种值得注意或奇特的体外培养方法，这些方法可以提高苹果品种和砧木的芽再生和诱导四倍体的产生。现有研究揭示了细胞分裂素抑制不定根形成的分子机制。使用植物生长修正因子可以确定叶片衍生的薄壁细胞层相对于传统叶片外植体产生假设芽的情况。本综述将使新手和资深研究人员能够推进苹果和苹果属生物技术和育种计划。
