Metabolic engineering for the production of l-phenylalanine in .

As one of the three proteinogenic aromatic amino acids, l-phenylalanine is widely applied in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, especially in production of the low-calorie sweetener aspartame. Microbial production of l-phenylalanine has become attractive as it possesses the advantages of environmental friendliness, low cost, and feedstock renewability. With the progress of metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology, production of l-phenylalanine from glucose in with relatively high titer has been achieved by improving the intracellular levels of precursors, alleviating transcriptional repression and feedback inhibition of key enzymes, increasing the export of l-phenylalanine, engineering of global regulators, and overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes. In this review, successful metabolic engineering strategies for increasing l-phenylalanine accumulation from glucose in are described. In addition, perspectives for further improvement of production of l-phenylalanine are discussed.