Investigation of diabetic patient's fingernail quality to monitor type 2 diabetes induced tissue damage.

Long-term Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) affects the normal functioning of heart, kidneys, nerves, arteries, bones, and joints. The T2D gradually alters the intrinsic material properties, and structural integrity of the tissues and prolonged hyperglycemia causes chronic damages to these tissues quality. Clinically no such technique is available which can assess the altered tissues quality associated with T2D. In the present study, the microstructural characterization (surface morphology, surface roughness and density and calcium content), material characterization (modulus, hardness), and macromolecular characterization (disulfide bond content, protein content and its secondary structure) are investigated among healthy, diabetic controlled (DC) and uncontrolled diabetic (UC) group of fingernail plate. It is found that T2D has an adverse effect on the human fingernail plate quality. The parameters of nail plate quality are changing in a pattern among all the three groups. The properties mentioned above are degrading in DC group, but the degradation is even worst in the case of severity of T2D (UC group) as compared to the healthy group (Healthy<DC<UC). This study suggests that the fingernail plate quality has a potential to become a new avenue to assess the secondary diabetic complications, i.e. to assess the bone quality.