Röder Juliane, Dickmeis Christina, Commandeur Ulrich
Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Front Plant Sci. 2019 Feb 19;10:158. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00158. eCollection 2019.
Nanotechnology is an expanding interdisciplinary field concerning the development and application of nanostructured materials derived from inorganic compounds or organic polymers and peptides. Among these latter materials, proteinaceous plant virus nanoparticles have emerged as a key platform for the introduction of tailored functionalities by genetic engineering and conjugation chemistry. Tobacco mosaic virus and Cowpea mosaic virus have already been developed for bioimaging, vaccination and electronics applications, but the flexible and filamentous Potato virus X (PVX) has received comparatively little attention. The filamentous structure of PVX particles allows them to carry large payloads, which are advantageous for applications such as biomedical imaging in which multi-functional scaffolds with a high aspect ratio are required. In this context, PVX achieves superior tumor homing and retention properties compared to spherical nanoparticles. Because PVX is a protein-based nanoparticle, its unique functional properties are combined with enhanced biocompatibility, making it much more suitable for biomedical applications than synthetic nanomaterials. Moreover, PVX nanoparticles have very low toxicity , and superior pharmacokinetic profiles. This review focuses on the production of PVX nanoparticles engineered using chemical and/or biological techniques, and describes current and future opportunities and challenges for the application of PVX nanoparticles in medicine, diagnostics, materials science, and biocatalysis.
纳米技术是一个不断扩展的跨学科领域，涉及源自无机化合物、有机聚合物和肽的纳米结构材料的开发与应用。在这些材料中，蛋白质类植物病毒纳米颗粒已成为通过基因工程和共轭化学引入定制功能的关键平台。烟草花叶病毒和豇豆花叶病毒已被开发用于生物成像、疫苗接种和电子应用，但灵活的丝状马铃薯X病毒（PVX）受到的关注相对较少。PVX颗粒的丝状结构使其能够携带大量负载，这对于诸如生物医学成像等需要高纵横比多功能支架的应用而言具有优势。在这种情况下，与球形纳米颗粒相比，PVX具有卓越的肿瘤归巢和滞留特性。由于PVX是一种基于蛋白质的纳米颗粒，其独特的功能特性与增强的生物相容性相结合，使其比合成纳米材料更适合生物医学应用。此外，PVX纳米颗粒具有非常低的毒性和卓越的药代动力学特性。本综述重点关注使用化学和/或生物技术工程改造的PVX纳米颗粒的生产，并描述PVX纳米颗粒在医学、诊断、材料科学和生物催化应用中的当前及未来机遇与挑战。
