University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States.
Adv Child Dev Behav. 2019;56:1-35. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2018.11.001. Epub 2018 Dec 19.
The first 4 years of moral development are perhaps the most transformative. Helpless neonates become infants who routinely help and harm others; infants develop into preschoolers who make moral judgments based on moral concerns with welfare. Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous empirical progress, but also theoretical stalemates, in research on early moral development. To advance the field, this chapter argues for providing definitions of key terms, adopting an interactionist and constructivist approach (eschewing the dichotomy between innate and learned characteristics), and combining naturalistic and experimental methods. On this basis, the chapter reviews research on how children's orientations toward helping and harming others develop gradually through everyday social interactions in the early years. In these interactions, children play active roles through initiation, negotiation, protest, and construction. The chapter concludes with key questions for future research on early moral development.
道德发展的头 4 年或许是最具变革性的。无助的新生儿变成了经常帮助和伤害他人的婴儿；婴儿成长为根据福利道德问题做出道德判断的学龄前儿童。在过去的二十年中，早期道德发展的研究取得了巨大的经验进展，但也陷入了理论僵局。为了推动该领域的发展，本章主张为关键术语提供定义，采用互动主义和建构主义方法（避免先天和后天特征之间的二分法），并结合自然主义和实验方法。在此基础上，本章回顾了有关儿童通过早年日常社会互动逐渐形成对帮助和伤害他人的倾向的研究。在这些互动中，儿童通过发起、协商、抗议和建构来发挥积极作用。本章最后提出了未来早期道德发展研究的关键问题。
