School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Stirling Terrace, Albany, WA, 6330, Australia.
School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Malar J. 2019 Mar 8;18(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-2693-2.
Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite normally residing in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina, respectively) found throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, knowlesi malaria has become the predominant malaria affecting humans in Malaysian Borneo, being responsible for approximately 70% of reported cases. Largely as a result of anthropogenic land use changes in Borneo, vectors which transmit the parasite, along with macaque hosts, are both now frequently found in disturbed forest habitats, or at the forest fringes, thus having more frequent contact with humans. Having access to human hosts provides the parasite with the opportunity to further its adaption to the human immune system. The ecological drivers of the transmission and spread of P. knowlesi are operating over many different spatial (and, therefore, temporal) scales, from the molecular to the continental. Strategies to prevent and manage zoonoses, such as P. knowlesi malaria require interdisciplinary research exploring the impact of land use change and biodiversity loss on the evolving relationship between parasite, reservoir hosts, vectors, and humans over multiple spatial scales.
疟原虫 knowlesi 是一种动物源性疟原虫，通常寄生于长尾猕猴（Macaca fascicularis）和猪尾猕猴（Macaca nemestrina）体内，在整个东南亚均有分布。最近，疟原虫 knowlesi 已成为影响马来西亚婆罗洲人类的主要疟疾，约占报告病例的 70%。在婆罗洲，由于人为土地利用的变化，传播寄生虫的媒介以及猕猴宿主现在都经常出现在受干扰的森林栖息地或森林边缘，从而与人类有更多的接触。疟原虫 knowlesi 有机会接触人类宿主，从而进一步适应人类免疫系统。疟原虫 knowlesi 的传播和扩散的生态驱动因素在许多不同的空间（因此也是时间）尺度上运作，从分子到大陆。预防和管理人畜共患病（如疟原虫 knowlesi 疟疾）的策略需要跨学科研究，探索土地利用变化和生物多样性丧失对寄生虫、储存宿主、媒介和人类在多个空间尺度上不断变化的关系的影响。
