Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, HSS-04-01, 639818, Singapore; Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, 117599, Singapore.
Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, 117599, Singapore.
Appetite. 2019 Jul 1;138:10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.003. Epub 2019 Mar 6.
Although implicit theories have been studied in the context of personal traits, there has been limited investigation of their role in physiological domains such as appetite. Subjective feelings and affective states can function as goals and desired end states that individuals regulate their behaviors to attain. Likewise, different conceptualizations people maintain for the subjective experience of satiety (i.e., terminating hunger or attaining fullness) may also predict individual variations in eating behavior. We examined whether portion selection and food intake were guided by such implicit goals pertaining to the nature of satiety. Across 3 studies, we observed that individuals report distinct subjective requirements (degrees of fullness) to attain different states of satiety (stop hunger, feel comfortably full, feel completely full), suggesting that these states reflect independent goals or outcomes. Importantly, personal requirements to feel completely full (compared to stop hunger or feel comfortably full) were observed to be the strongest predictor of portion sizes selected in Study 1 (B = 1.17, p < .001) and Study 2 (B = 4.26, p = .004), and the quantity of energy consumed from a meal in Study 2 (B = 3.07, p = .01). Yet, experimentally activating a situational goal to stop hunger (vs. feel full) produced the selection of smaller portion sizes, F(1, 41) = 5.64, p = .02, and personal requirements to stop hunger to become the dominant predictor of portion selection patterns in Study 3 (B = 0.43, p = .005). These findings reveal that eating behaviors of modern consumers may be guided by a predominant goal to attain the subjective experience of complete fullness, although this implicit goal may be malleable to situational demands.
尽管内隐理论在个人特质方面得到了研究，但在食欲等生理领域，其作用的研究还很有限。主观感受和情感状态可以作为目标和期望的终态，个体可以调节自己的行为来实现这些目标。同样，人们对饱腹感的主观体验（即终止饥饿或达到饱腹感）的不同概念化也可能预测个体在饮食行为上的差异。我们研究了饱腹感的本质所涉及的内隐目标是否会影响个体的食物选择和摄入量。在 3 项研究中，我们发现个体报告了不同的主观需求（达到不同饱腹感状态的程度）来实现不同的饱腹感状态（停止饥饿、感到舒适的饱腹感、感到完全饱腹感），这表明这些状态反映了独立的目标或结果。重要的是，与停止饥饿或感到舒适的饱腹感相比，完全饱腹感的个人需求被观察到是研究 1（B=1.17，p<.001）和研究 2（B=4.26，p=.004）中选择的食物份量的最强预测因素，以及研究 2 中从一顿饭中消耗的能量量（B=3.07，p=.01）。然而，实验激活停止饥饿的情境目标（相对于感到饱足）会导致选择较小的份量，F（1，41）=5.64，p=.02，在研究 3 中，停止饥饿的个人需求成为份量选择模式的主要预测因素（B=0.43，p=.005）。这些发现表明，现代消费者的饮食行为可能受到达到完全饱腹感的主观体验的主导目标的指导，尽管这种内隐目标可能会受到情境需求的影响。
