Khoury Julia Machado, Couto Luiz Filipe Silva Codorino, Santos Douglas de Almeida, E Silva Vitor Hugo de Oliveira, Drumond João Pedro Sousa, Silva Letícia Lopes de Carvalho E, Malloy-Diniz Leandro, Albuquerque Maicon Rodrigues, das Neves Maila de Castro Lourenço, Duarte Garcia Frederico
Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Human Ecology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Front Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 22;10:73. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00073. eCollection 2019.
Smartphone Addiction (SA) has caused negative consequences and functional impairments in college students, such as reduction of academic performance and impairment in sleep quality. Studies have shown that individuals with chemical and behavioral dependencies have a bias in decision-making process, which leads to short-term advantageous choices even if they cause long-term harm. This bias in decision-making process is accompanied by a change in somatic markers and is associated with the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. The decision-making process and the measurement of physiological parameters have not yet been analyzed in SA. The neuropsychological and physiological characterization of the SA can contribute to its approach with the other dependency syndromes and to its recognition as a disease. we aimed to evaluate the decision-making process under risk and under ambiguity in individuals with SA and to measure the physiological parameters that accompany this process. We compared the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Game of Dice Task (GDT) and skin conductance response (SCR) between 50 individuals with SA and 50 controls. Smartphone dependents presented a profile of impairment in decision-making under ambiguity, without impairment in decision-making under risk. They demonstrated lower SCR before disadvantageous choices, higher SCR after rewards and lower SCR after punishments during decision-making, which suggests difficulty in recognizing disadvantageous alternatives, high sensitivity to rewards, and low sensitivity to punishments. The impairment in the decision-making process in smartphone dependents is similar to that found in other chemical and behavioral addictions, such as alcohol addiction, gambling disorders and pathological buy. The impairment in decision under ambiguity with preservation of decision under risk may reflect dysfunction of implicit emotional processes without dysfunction of explicit cognitive process. This profile can contribute to the recognition of SA as a behavioral dependence and to guide specific preventive and therapeutic strategies.
智能手机成瘾（SA）已给大学生带来负面后果和功能损害，如学业成绩下降和睡眠质量受损。研究表明，有化学物质和行为依赖的个体在决策过程中存在偏差，这会导致即使会造成长期伤害的短期有利选择。这种决策过程中的偏差伴随着躯体标记的变化，并与成瘾行为的发展和维持相关。SA患者的决策过程和生理参数测量尚未得到分析。SA的神经心理学和生理学特征有助于将其与其他依赖综合征进行区分，并有助于将其识别为一种疾病。我们旨在评估SA患者在风险和模糊情境下的决策过程，并测量伴随该过程的生理参数。我们比较了50名SA患者和50名对照组在爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）、掷骰子任务（GDT）和皮肤电反应（SCR）方面的表现。智能手机依赖者在模糊情境下的决策存在受损情况，而在风险情境下的决策未受损。他们在决策过程中表现出在不利选择前SCR较低，奖励后SCR较高，惩罚后SCR较低，这表明他们难以识别不利选项，对奖励高度敏感，对惩罚低度敏感。智能手机依赖者决策过程中的损害与在其他化学物质和行为成瘾中发现 的情况相似，如酒精成瘾、赌博障碍和病理性购物。在模糊情境下决策受损而在风险情境下决策保留，可能反映了内隐情感过程的功能障碍，而外显认知过程未出现功能障碍。这一特征有助于将SA识别为一种行为依赖，并指导具体的预防和治疗策略。
