Hendry David T, Crocker Peter R E, Williams A Mark, Hodges Nicola J
Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Front Psychol. 2019 Mar 5;10:304. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00304. eCollection 2019.
Our aim was to determine if self-determined motivation (SDM) in elite, men's soccer changes over time and differs as a function of age, skill-grouping, and engagement in soccer play and practice. We tested predictions from the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP) regarding relations between practice and play and SDM among both elite and non-elite samples. Elite youth soccer players in the United Kingdom ( = 31; from the Under 13/U13 and U15 years age groups) completed practice history and motivation questionnaires at time 1 (T1) and ∼2 years later (T2: now U15 and U17 years). Non-elite players ( = 32; from U15 and U17 years) completed the same questionnaires at T2 only. For the elite groups, global SDM decreased over time for the current U17 group (from U15), but no change was seen for the current U15 group (from U13). Age group differences at T2 mirrored these data, with U17 players showing lower global SDM and higher controlled motivation than U15 elites. The non-elite players did not show age group differences, but elites scored higher for global SDM and autonomous motivation than non-elites. The recent hours accumulated in practice negatively correlated with global SDM in elite and non-elite groups, but play was unrelated to measures of motivation. Differences in SDM as a function of age and skill point toward the dynamic nature of these motivations over time, likely a result of proximity to external rewards related to professional status. Although high volumes of practice are related to lower global SDM in both skill groups, the absence of any relations between SDM and soccer play does not support a key prediction related to the DMSP.
我们的目的是确定精英男子足球运动员的自我决定动机（SDM）是否会随时间变化，以及是否因年龄、技能分组、参与足球比赛和训练的情况而有所不同。我们检验了运动参与发展模型（DMSP）中关于精英和非精英样本中训练、比赛与SDM之间关系的预测。英国的精英青年足球运动员（n = 31；来自13岁以下/ U13和15岁年龄组）在时间1（T1）和约2年后（T2：此时为15岁和17岁）完成了训练历史和动机问卷。非精英球员（n = 32；来自15岁和17岁）仅在T2完成了相同的问卷。对于精英组，当前17岁组（从15岁开始）的总体SDM随时间下降，但当前15岁组（从13岁开始）没有变化。T2时的年龄组差异反映了这些数据，17岁球员的总体SDM低于15岁精英球员，且受控动机更高。非精英球员没有表现出年龄组差异，但精英球员在总体SDM和自主动机方面的得分高于非精英球员。精英组和非精英组中最近累积的训练时长与总体SDM呈负相关，但比赛与动机指标无关。SDM随年龄和技能的差异表明这些动机随时间具有动态性，这可能是接近与职业地位相关的外部奖励的结果。尽管在两个技能组中大量训练都与较低的总体SDM相关，但SDM与足球比赛之间不存在任何关系，这并不支持与DMSP相关的一个关键预测。
