MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Soc Sci Med. 2019 Apr;226:263-274. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.009. Epub 2019 Mar 19.
With more than half the world's population residing in urban areas and this proportion rising, it is important to understand how well-planned urban environments might improve, and reduce inequalities in, quality of life (QoL). Although studies suggest city-level characteristics hold independent influence on QoL, they generally lack a theoretically informed approach to understanding how the whole city landscape might be implicated, have paid scant attention to inequalities in QoL and often focus on small numbers of cities or countries. We applied theory and methods from landscape ecology to explore associations between cities' land cover/use, residents' reported life satisfaction and within-city socio-economic inequalities in life satisfaction. We joined individual-level responses to the European Urban Audit (EUA) Perception Surveys (2012, 2015) with city-level data from the European Urban Atlas classifying land cover/use into 26 different classes. Our sample included 63,554 people from 66 cities in 28 countries. Multilevel binary logistic models found that specific land use measures were associated with life satisfaction, including the amount of a city which was: residential (OR:0.991, 95%CI 0.984-0.997); isolated structures (OR:1.046, 95 CI 1.002-1.091); roads (OR:0.989, 95%CI 0.982-0.996); pastures (OR: 1.002, 95% CI 1.002-1.003) and herbaceous vegetation (OR:0.998, 95%CI 0.997-0.100). A more even distribution of land cover/use (β: 1.561, 95%CI -3.021 to -0.102) was associated with lower inequality in life satisfaction. This is the first study to theorise and examine how the entire urban landscape may affect levels of and inequalities in wellbeing in a large international sample. Our finding that more equal distribution of land cover/use is associated with lower levels of socio-economic inequality in life satisfaction supports the idea that city environments could be equigenic - that is, could create equality. Our findings can aid urban planners to develop and build cities that can contribute to improving, and narrowing inequalities in, residents' life satisfaction.
随着世界上一半以上的人口居住在城市地区，而且这一比例还在上升，了解规划良好的城市环境如何能够提高生活质量（QoL）并减少不平等现象变得非常重要。尽管研究表明城市层面的特征对 QoL 有独立的影响，但它们通常缺乏一种从理论上理解整个城市景观可能会如何受到影响的方法，很少关注 QoL 的不平等现象，而且往往侧重于少数几个城市或国家。我们应用景观生态学的理论和方法来探索城市土地覆盖/利用与居民报告的生活满意度之间的关系，以及城市内部生活满意度的社会经济不平等。我们将个人对欧洲城市审计（EUA）感知调查（2012 年、2015 年）的回答与欧洲城市地图集的城市层面数据结合起来，该数据将土地覆盖/利用分为 26 个不同类别。我们的样本包括来自 28 个国家的 66 个城市的 63554 人。多水平二元逻辑模型发现，特定的土地利用措施与生活满意度相关，包括城市中以下几类土地的面积：住宅（OR：0.991，95%CI 0.984-0.997）；孤立的建筑物（OR：1.046，95%CI 1.002-1.091）；道路（OR：0.989，95%CI 0.982-0.996）；牧场（OR：1.002，95%CI 1.002-1.003）和草本植被（OR：0.998，95%CI 0.997-0.100）。土地覆盖/利用更均匀的分布（β：1.561，95%CI-3.021 至-0.102）与生活满意度的社会经济不平等程度降低有关。这是第一项从理论上和检验整个城市景观如何影响大型国际样本的幸福感水平和不平等程度的研究。我们的研究结果表明，土地覆盖/利用的更均匀分布与生活满意度的社会经济不平等程度降低有关，这支持了城市环境可能具有等基因性的观点，即可以创造平等。我们的研究结果可以帮助城市规划者开发和建设能够有助于提高居民生活满意度并缩小不平等差距的城市。
