Jha Rajesh, Singh Amit Kumar, Yadav Sudhir, Berrocoso Julio Francisco Diaz, Mishra Birendra
Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.
Trouw Nutrition, Poultry Research Centre, Toledo, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2019 Mar 21;6:82. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00082. eCollection 2019.
Healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is crucial for optimum performance, better feed efficiency, and overall health of poultry. In the past, antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) were commonly used to modulate the gut health of animals. However, considering the public health concern, the use of AGP in animal feeding is banned or regulated in several jurisdictions around the world. This necessitates the need for alternative nutritional strategies to produce healthy poultry. For that, several alternatives to AGP have been attempted with some success. However, effective modulation of the gut health parameters depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth of poultry. Early nutrition programming using both and post-hatch feeding has been used as a means to modulate the early growth and development of GIT and found to be an effective strategy but with inconsistent results. This review summarizes the information on and post-hatch-feeding of different nutrients and feeds additives and their effects on gut development, histomorphology, microbiology, and immunology. Furthermore, this review will provide insight on the future of early nutrition programming as a strategy to enhance gut health, thereby improving overall health and production so that the poultry industry can benefit from this technique.
健康的胃肠道（GIT）对于家禽的最佳性能、更好的饲料效率和整体健康至关重要。过去，抗生素生长促进剂（AGP）常用于调节动物的肠道健康。然而，考虑到公共卫生问题，世界上几个司法管辖区已禁止或限制在动物饲养中使用AGP。这就需要采用替代营养策略来生产健康的家禽。为此，人们尝试了几种AGP的替代品并取得了一些成功。然而，肠道健康参数的有效调节取决于化合物提供给宿主动物的方法和时间。通常，AGP的替代品和其他营养物质通过饲料或饮水提供给家禽。然而，新孵化家禽的胃肠道功能尚未成熟，尽管在孵化末期经历了显著的形态、细胞和分子变化。因此，胃肠道的早期生长和发育对于提高营养物质利用率和优化家禽生长至关重要。使用孵化前和孵化后喂养进行早期营养编程已被用作调节胃肠道早期生长和发育的一种手段，并被发现是一种有效的策略，但结果并不一致。本综述总结了不同营养物质和饲料添加剂的孵化前和孵化后喂养信息，以及它们对肠道发育、组织形态学、微生物学和免疫学的影响。此外，本综述将深入探讨早期营养编程作为一种增强肠道健康从而改善整体健康和生产性能的策略的未来发展，以便家禽业能够从这项技术中受益。
