Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019 Jul;90:210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066. Epub 2019 Apr 27.
In 2014 the contribution of aquaculture to supply food for human consumption overtook wild-caught fish for the first time. Despite improvements in the aquaculture industry, it has been estimated that as much as 10% of all cultured aquatic animals are lost because of infectious diseases, amounting to >10 billion USD in losses annually on a global scale. Vaccination to prevent disease is used routinely in finfish aquaculture, especially for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), while in a limited capacity (or not at all) in many other fish species due to lack of vaccines, poor performance or cost. There has, nevertheless, been impressive progress in fish vaccine development over the last 4 decades with 24 licenced fish vaccines now commercially available for use in a variety of fish species. These comprise whole killed, peptide subunit, recombinant protein, DNA and live attenuated vaccines. Challenges do, however, still exist as the majority of commercial vaccines are killed whole cell pathogen preparations administered by intraperitoneal injection. This may not be the optimal route to deliver some vaccines, but lack of effective adjuvants and basic knowledge on immune response has hindered progress in the development of mucosal vaccines. The cost of injecting fish may also be prohibitive in some countries leading to disease treatment (e.g. with antibiotics) rather than using preventative measures. It is important that these issues are addressed as the industry continues to grow globally. Exciting opportunities exist for rapid development of fish vaccines in the future, with continued reduction in cost of technologies (e.g. of whole genome sequencing), regulations changing (e.g. DNA vaccines can now authorised in Europe), the introduction of novel antigen expression and delivery systems (such as virus-like particles, VLPs), development of novel adjuvants and advancements in the elucidation of basic mechanisms of mucosal immunity. Development of effective mucosal vaccines and optimisation of their delivery will facilitate novel vaccine development, and enable the aquaculture industries in LMIC to use vaccination routinely in the future. In addition, effective use of emergency (autogenous) vaccines will assist in tackling emerging disease challenges.
2014 年，水产养殖对人类消费食品的供应首次超过了野生捕捞鱼类。尽管水产养殖业有所改善，但据估计，由于传染病，多达 10%的养殖水生动物死亡，每年在全球范围内造成超过 100 亿美元的损失。疫苗接种用于预防疾病在鱼类养殖中被常规使用，特别是用于大西洋鲑（Salmo salar），而在许多其他鱼类物种中，由于缺乏疫苗、性能不佳或成本原因，疫苗接种的能力有限（或根本不使用）。然而，在过去的 40 年中，鱼类疫苗的开发取得了令人瞩目的进展，现在有 24 种许可的鱼类疫苗可用于多种鱼类。这些疫苗包括全灭活疫苗、肽亚单位疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗、DNA 疫苗和活疫苗。然而，仍然存在挑战，因为大多数商业疫苗都是通过腹腔注射给予的全细胞病原体制剂。这可能不是一些疫苗的最佳给药途径，但缺乏有效的佐剂和对免疫反应的基本知识阻碍了粘膜疫苗的发展。在一些国家，给鱼类注射的成本可能过高，导致疾病治疗（例如使用抗生素）而不是采取预防措施。随着全球水产养殖业的持续发展，解决这些问题非常重要。未来鱼类疫苗的快速发展存在令人兴奋的机会，随着技术成本的持续降低（例如全基因组测序）、法规的变化（例如，现在欧洲可以授权 DNA 疫苗）、新型抗原表达和输送系统的引入（如病毒样颗粒，VLPs）、新型佐剂的开发以及粘膜免疫基本机制的阐明的进展。开发有效的粘膜疫苗并优化其输送将促进新型疫苗的开发，并使 LMIC 的水产养殖行业能够在未来常规使用疫苗接种。此外，有效使用应急（同源）疫苗将有助于应对新出现的疾病挑战。
