Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
Beta Technological Centre (TECNIO Network), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain.
J Hazard Mater. 2019 Oct 15;378:120716. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.109. Epub 2019 Jun 2.
This study investigated, for the first time, the distribution and fate of 28 multiple-class veterinary pharmaceuticals and antibiotics (PhACs), and their corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), in a full-scale on-farm livestock waste treatment plant. The plant relies on several technologies, including: anaerobic digestion (AD), solid-liquid separation, and two stages reverse osmosis (RO) of the liquid digestate. Tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, lincosamide and pleuromutilin antibiotics, together with anti-helmintic (flubendazole) and anti-inflammatory (flunixin) drugs were the most frequently detected compounds in livestock waste and in slaughterhouse sludge. This last fraction is used as co-substrate in the AD process and showed to be an important input source of PhACs and ARGs. In terms of treatment performance, AD exhibited moderate to low PhACs and ARGs reduction, while a large fraction (<50%) of the PhACs present in the digestate were distributed onto the solid fraction, after solid-liquid separation. Both solid and liquid digestates had relatively high copy numbers of ARGs. Finally, RO showed high rejection percentages for all PhACs (<90%), with concentrations in the low ng L range in permeates, for most target PhACs. Nevertheless, moderate copy numbers of ARGs were detected in permeates.
本研究首次调查了 28 种多类兽医药品和抗生素（PhACs）及其相应的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）在全规模农场牲畜废物处理厂中的分布和归宿。该工厂依靠多种技术，包括：厌氧消化（AD）、固液分离和液体消化物的两级反渗透（RO）。四环素、氟喹诺酮类、林可酰胺类和截短侧耳素类抗生素以及驱虫药（氟苯达唑）和消炎药（氟尼辛）是在牲畜废物和屠宰场污泥中最常检测到的化合物。最后这一部分作为 AD 工艺的共基质，是 PhACs 和 ARGs 的重要输入源。在处理性能方面，AD 对 PhACs 和 ARGs 的去除效果中等至较低，而在固液分离后，大量（>50%）存在于消化物中的 PhACs 分布在固体部分。固液消化物均具有相对较高的 ARGs 拷贝数。最后，RO 对所有 PhACs 的排斥率均较高（<90%），大多数目标 PhACs 在渗透物中的浓度处于低 ng L 范围内。然而，在渗透物中检测到适度数量的 ARGs。
