Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556, Covilhã, Portugal.
Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Int J Legal Med. 2019 Nov;133(6):1763-1784. doi: 10.1007/s00414-019-02119-9. Epub 2019 Jul 12.
Organophosphorus insecticides, such as parathion-ethyl, quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos or diazinon, are still widely used for pest control on crops. These compounds are extremely toxic to humans, and, even though specific legislation exists that controls the use of these substances, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal events and the existing data suggest that they are still easily accessed and the knowledge associated to the risks is not well-recognized. For these reasons, the determination of the exposure to these compounds, their detection (and of their metabolites as well) in biological samples, is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology, and, therefore, the development of techniques for this evaluation is an important task for laboratories. Most confirmatory analyses use blood, serum, plasma and urine as biological samples and are performed by either gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric or liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric instrumentation, which represents the gold standard in what concerns high sensitivity. This paper will not only address the physical-chemical and toxicological aspects of this class of compounds but also perform a comprehensive and critical review on the analytical methods available for their determination in biological specimens, with special focus on the latest instrumental developments and sample preparation approaches.
有机磷杀虫剂，如对硫磷-乙基、喹硫磷、毒死蜱、氯丙磷或二嗪磷，仍广泛用于作物的病虫害防治。这些化合物对人类具有极高的毒性，尽管存在特定的法规来控制这些物质的使用，但有毒和/或致命事件的频率以及现有数据表明，这些物质仍然很容易获取，并且与风险相关的知识并没有得到很好的认识。出于这些原因，确定这些化合物的暴露情况、在生物样本中检测（以及它们的代谢物）非常重要，这在临床和法医毒理学中尤为重要，因此，开发这些评估的技术是实验室的一项重要任务。大多数确证性分析使用血液、血清、血浆和尿液作为生物样本，并通过气相色谱-质谱或液相色谱-质谱仪器进行分析，这是高灵敏度方面的金标准。本文不仅将讨论这类化合物的物理化学和毒理学方面，还将对生物样本中这些化合物的测定方法进行全面和批判性的综述，特别关注最新的仪器发展和样品制备方法。
