Why New Vaccines for the Control of Ectoparasite Vectors Have Not Been Registered and Commercialized?

The prevention and control of vector-borne diseases is a priority for improving global health. Despite recent advances in the characterization of ectoparasite-host-pathogen molecular interactions, vaccines are not available for most ectoparasites and vector-borne diseases that cause millions of deaths yearly. In this paper, in response to the question of why new vaccines for the control of ectoparasite vectors have not been registered and commercialized, and to contribute developing new effective vaccines against ectoparasite vectors, we propose challenges and approaches to be addressed.