Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
Dev Comp Immunol. 2020 Feb;103:103458. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
由蚊子传播的疾病导致的死亡人数超过了任何其他节肢动物媒介传播的疾病，并且仍然是决定全球健康和经济稳定的重要因素。蚊子先天免疫系统可以调节与人类病原体的感染，或者抵御昆虫病原，并提高感染蚊子的适应性和寿命。虽然人们仍在努力了解幼虫免疫系统和蚊子免疫系统的发育，但最近越来越清楚的是，环境因素严重影响了正在发育的蚊子免疫系统，并继续影响成年蚊子的免疫系统。成年蚊子的免疫系统已经得到了很好的研究，已知涉及多个组织和多种分子机制。本综述总结并综合了目前对蚊子免疫系统发育的理解，包括对吸血节肢动物中蚊子特有的免疫成分的比较，以及按蚊和库蚊之间的重要区别因素。还介绍了蚊子免疫力如何影响媒介效能和媒介容量的模型，以及营养、微生物组、病原体相互作用和行为之间的相互关系，这些都与蚊子的发育、免疫状态、成年雌性适应性和最终的媒介容量有关。突出强调了蚊子生态免疫学、神经免疫学和细胞内抗病毒反应领域的新发现。
