Littman Ran, Keha Eldad, Kalanthroff Eyal
The Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jul 17;10:1598. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01598. eCollection 2019.
Stimulus-driven behaviors are triggered by the specific stimuli with which they are associated. For example, words elicit automatic reading behavior. When stimulus-driven behaviors are incongruent with one's current goals, task conflict can emerge, requiring the activation of a task control mechanism. The Stroop task induces task conflict by asking participants to focus on color naming and ignore the automatic, stimulus-driven, irrelevant word reading task. Thus, task conflict manifests in Stroop incongruent as well as in congruent trials. Previous studies demonstrated that when task control fails, reaction times in congruent trials slow down, leading to a reversed facilitation effect. In the present mini-review, we review the literature on the manifestation of task conflict and the recruitment of task control in the Stroop task and present the physiological and behavioral signatures of task control and task conflict. We then suggest that the notion of task conflict is strongly related to the concept of stimulus-driven behaviors and present examples for the manifestation of stimulus-driven task conflict in the Stroop task and additional tasks, including object-interference and affordances tasks. The reviewed literature supports the illustration of task conflict as a specific type of conflict, which is different from other conflict types and may manifest in different tasks and under diverse modalities of response.
刺激驱动行为由与其相关的特定刺激触发。例如，单词引发自动阅读行为。当刺激驱动行为与个体当前目标不一致时，可能会出现任务冲突，这就需要激活任务控制机制。斯特鲁普任务通过要求参与者专注于颜色命名并忽略自动的、由刺激驱动的、不相关的单词阅读任务来引发任务冲突。因此，任务冲突在斯特鲁普不一致试验以及一致试验中都会表现出来。先前的研究表明，当任务控制失败时，一致试验中的反应时间会变慢，从而导致促进效应反转。在本综述中，我们回顾了关于斯特鲁普任务中任务冲突的表现和任务控制的招募的文献，并呈现了任务控制和任务冲突的生理及行为特征。然后我们提出，任务冲突的概念与刺激驱动行为的概念密切相关，并给出了在斯特鲁普任务以及包括物体干扰和可供性任务在内的其他任务中刺激驱动任务冲突表现的示例。所回顾的文献支持将任务冲突描述为一种特定类型的冲突，它与其他冲突类型不同，可能在不同任务和不同反应方式下表现出来。
