Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Nat Biomed Eng. 2019 Oct;3(10):768-782. doi: 10.1038/s41551-019-0436-x. Epub 2019 Aug 12.
Research into the immunological processes implicated in cancer has yielded a basis for the range of immunotherapies that are now considered the fourth pillar of cancer treatment (alongside surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy). For some aggressive cancers, such as advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma, combination immunotherapies have resulted in unprecedented treatment efficacy for responding patients, and have become frontline therapies. Individualized immunotherapy, enabled by the identification of patient-specific mutations, neoantigens and biomarkers, and facilitated by advances in genomics and proteomics, promises to broaden the responder patient population. In this Perspective, we give an overview of immunotherapies leveraging engineering approaches, including the design of biomaterials, delivery strategies and nanotechnology solutions, for the realization of individualized cancer treatments such as nanoparticle vaccines customized with neoantigens, cell therapies based on patient-derived dendritic cells and T cells, and combinations of theranostic strategies. Developments in precision cancer immunotherapy will increasingly rely on the adoption of engineering principles.
研究癌症相关的免疫学过程为现在被认为是癌症治疗的第四大支柱（与手术、放疗和化疗并列）的各种免疫疗法提供了基础。对于一些侵袭性癌症，如晚期非小细胞肺癌，联合免疫疗法使应答患者的治疗效果达到前所未有的水平，并且已经成为一线疗法。通过识别患者特异性突变、新抗原和生物标志物，并借助基因组学和蛋白质组学的进步实现个体化免疫疗法，有望扩大应答患者人群。在本观点中，我们概述了利用工程方法的免疫疗法，包括生物材料的设计、递送策略和纳米技术解决方案，用于实现个体化癌症治疗，例如用新抗原定制的纳米颗粒疫苗、基于患者来源的树突状细胞和 T 细胞的细胞疗法，以及治疗策略的组合。精准癌症免疫疗法的发展将越来越依赖于采用工程原理。
