Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
Nutrients. 2019 Aug 19;11(8):1948. doi: 10.3390/nu11081948.
As a staple food and dense source of nutrients, milk and alternatives play an important role in nutrient adequacy. The aims of this study were to quantify the consumption of milk and alternatives within Canadian self-selected diets and determine their contribution to intakes of nutrients and energy. First, 24-h dietary recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition were used to assess 1-d food and nutrient intakes among Canadian adults ≥19 y (n = 13,616). Foods were classified as milk and alternatives according to the 2007 Canada's Food Guide. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate daily servings of milk and alternatives by different age groups and demographic characteristics. Population ratios were used to discern their contribution to total intakes of nutrients and energy. Mean daily servings (±SE) were highest for milk (0.60 ± 0.02) and cheese (0.42 ± 0.01), intermediate for frozen dairy (0.16 ± 0.01) and yoghurt (0.14 ± 0.01), and lowest for soy and other dairy (<0.03). Intakes were lowest among Canadians 51+ y (1.3 ± 0.03), females (1.25 ± 0.03), non-Caucasians (1.06 ± 0.05), those with less than a secondary education (1.19 ± 0.05), and British Columbians (1.17 ± 0.05). Milk and alternatives contributed >20% to total intakes of calcium (52.62 ± 0.46%), vitamin D (38.53 ± 0.78%), saturated fat (28.84 ± 0.51%), vitamin B12 (27.73 ± 0.57%), vitamin A (26.16 ± 0.58%), phosphorus (24.76 ± 0.35%), and riboflavin (24.43 ± 0.37%), of which milk was the top source. Milk and alternatives contribute substantially to nutrient intakes and thus warrant further attention in terms of mitigating nutrient inadequacy among the Canadian population.
作为主食和营养密集型食物，牛奶和替代品在营养充足方面发挥着重要作用。本研究的目的是量化加拿大自选饮食中牛奶和替代品的摄入量，并确定其对营养素和能量摄入的贡献。首先，使用 2015 年加拿大社区健康调查-营养的 24 小时膳食回忆来评估 1 天内加拿大成年人（≥19 岁，n=13616）的食物和营养素摄入量。根据 2007 年加拿大食物指南，将食物分类为牛奶和替代品。使用描述性统计来计算不同年龄组和人口统计学特征的牛奶和替代品的每日摄入量。人口比例用于辨别它们对营养素和能量总摄入量的贡献。牛奶（0.60±0.02）和奶酪（0.42±0.01）的日平均摄入量最高，冷冻乳制品（0.16±0.01）和酸奶（0.14±0.01）的日平均摄入量居中，而大豆和其他乳制品的摄入量最低（<0.03）。51 岁及以上的加拿大人（1.3±0.03）、女性（1.25±0.03）、非白种人（1.06±0.05）、受教育程度低于中学（1.19±0.05）和不列颠哥伦比亚省人（1.17±0.05）的摄入量最低。牛奶和替代品对钙总摄入量的贡献超过 20%（52.62±0.46%）、维生素 D（38.53±0.78%）、饱和脂肪（28.84±0.51%）、维生素 B12（27.73±0.57%）、维生素 A（26.16±0.58%）、磷（24.76±0.35%）和核黄素（24.43±0.37%），其中牛奶是最大的来源。牛奶和替代品对营养素的摄入量有很大的贡献，因此需要进一步关注，以减轻加拿大人口的营养素不足。
