Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2020 Oct;17(10):585-596. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2638. Epub 2019 Aug 28.
In dairy cows, is a major mastitis pathogen and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) has been reported from dairy farms around the world. The risk of foodborne zoonotic infections with bovine MRSA strains seems to be low since MRSA prevalence is low in dairy herds and milk is commonly heat treated before consumption. However, bovine mastitis caused by MRSA is an important issue in veterinary medicine since treatment options with non-β-lactam antibiotics are limited. For the development of effective MRSA prevention strategies, it is necessary to know which factors increase the risk for MRSA transmission into and within dairy herds. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in dairy herds and to identify the respective knowledge gaps. MRSA was more frequently detected in conventional dairy farms than in organic farms and in larger farms than in smaller farms. Dairy farms housing pigs along with cattle are more frequently affected by MRSA. Moreover, humans carrying MRSA can probably infect dairy cows. Consequently, pigs and humans may introduce new MRSA strains into dairy herds. MRSA transmission within dairy herds was associated with improper milking hygiene procedures. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) were repeatedly isolated from dairy farms. This is an important issue since MR-CoNS may transfer resistance genes to . The role of antimicrobial exposure as a risk factor for the occurrence of MRSA within dairy herds needs to be further investigated.
在奶牛中， 是一种主要的乳腺炎病原体，并且已经在世界各地的奶牛场报告了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。由于奶牛群中 MRSA 的流行率较低，并且在食用前牛奶通常经过热处理，因此食源性人畜共患病感染牛 MRSA 菌株的风险似乎较低。然而，由于治疗 MRSA 引起的乳腺炎的非β-内酰胺类抗生素选择有限，因此牛 MRSA 仍然是兽医医学中的一个重要问题。为了制定有效的 MRSA 预防策略，有必要了解哪些因素会增加 MRSA 传播到和在奶牛群中的风险。因此，本综述的目的是总结奶牛群中 MRSA 发生的危险因素，并确定各自的知识空白。与有机农场相比，常规奶牛场更频繁地检测到 MRSA，与小农场相比，大农场更频繁地检测到 MRSA。同时饲养猪和牛的奶牛场更容易受到 MRSA 的影响。此外，携带 MRSA 的人可能会感染奶牛。因此，猪和人可能会将新的 MRSA 菌株引入奶牛群。MRSA 在奶牛群中的传播与挤奶卫生程序不当有关。此外，耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MR-CoNS）也反复从奶牛场中分离出来。这是一个重要的问题，因为 MR-CoNS 可能会将耐药基因转移给 。还需要进一步研究抗菌药物暴露作为奶牛群中 MRSA 发生的危险因素的作用。
