Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Adv Virus Res. 2019;104:97-122. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.05.002. Epub 2019 Jul 2.
Viruses must navigate the complex endomembranous network of the host cell to cause infection. In the case of a non-enveloped virus that lacks a surrounding lipid bilayer, endocytic uptake from the plasma membrane is not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, the virus must travel within organelle membranes to reach a specific cellular destination that supports exposure or arrival of the virus to the cytosol. This is achieved by viral penetration across a host endomembrane, ultimately enabling entry of the virus into the nucleus to initiate infection. In this review, we discuss the entry mechanisms of three distinct non-enveloped DNA viruses-adenovirus (AdV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and polyomavirus (PyV)-highlighting how each exploit different intracellular transport machineries and membrane penetration apparatus associated with the endosome, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane systems to infect a host cell. These processes not only illuminate a highly-coordinated interplay between non-enveloped viruses and their host, but may provide new strategies to combat non-enveloped virus-induced diseases.
病毒必须在宿主细胞复杂的内膜网络中导航才能引起感染。对于没有周围脂质双层的非包膜病毒，从质膜内吞不足以引起感染。相反，病毒必须在内膜细胞器内运输才能到达支持病毒暴露或到达细胞质的特定细胞靶标。这是通过病毒穿透宿主内膜来实现的，最终使病毒进入细胞核以启动感染。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了三种不同的非包膜 DNA 病毒——腺病毒 (AdV)、人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 和多瘤病毒 (PyV) 的进入机制，强调了每种病毒如何利用不同的细胞内运输机制和与内体、高尔基体和内质网 (ER) 膜系统相关的膜穿透装置来感染宿主细胞。这些过程不仅阐明了非包膜病毒与其宿主之间高度协调的相互作用，而且可能为对抗非包膜病毒引起的疾病提供新的策略。
